Database of Etna’s historical eruptions

Database of Etna’s historical eruptions - Table 2

Eruptions from XVII century AD to the present (updated from Branca and Del Carlo, 2005). CC = Central Crater; BN=Bocca Nuova; VOR=Voragine; NEC=North East Crater; SEC=South East Crater; VdB=Valle del Bove; VdL=Valle del Leone; VC=Val Calanna; TdF=Torre del Filosofo; Data of LV=lava volume (x 10⁶ m³) and LA=covered area for flank eruption are from Behncke et al. (2005); *Branca et al. (2013); ** Branca et al. (2017); ^Corsaro et al (2021). Data of TV=tephra volume (x 10⁶ m³) for summit explosive eruptions from Sources References.

Eruption Year	Period (duration in days)	Vent location and elevation (m a.s.l.)	Type of eruption	Description of the eruption	LV (x10⁶ m³)	LA (km²)	TV (x10⁶m³)	Sources References
1603 january	1610 may	CC	Central Effusive and explosive	Long period of discontinuous summit eruptive activity characterized by intense explosive activity with ash emission that produced fallout on Etna region and in eastern Sicily and long lasting emission of lava flows that reached Piano del Lago locality (2550 m) and the upper west and east slopes.				Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
1607	14 Feb-3 May	SW Flank	Flank Effusive	Short lava flow field (4.2 km long) in the southwestern flank. Damage to pine forest of Adrano territory.				Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
1607	28 June-?	N Flank	Flank Effusive	Short lava flows (4.5 km long) in the upper northern slope				Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
1610	3 May-13 July	SW Flank: 1950-2350	Flank Effusive	Eruptive fissure, ENE-WSW oriented, formed by two segments located at 1950-2350 m a.s.l. composed by small coalescent scoria cones, and at 2270 m a.s.l. by spatter ramparts. Wide and long lava flow south-westward caused destruction of the forest and to the cultivated lands of Adrano reaching an elevation of 770 m. Maximum lava flow length is 11 km.	90	6.7		Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
1614	1 July- 1624?	N Flank: 2490	Flank Effusive	A wide and 6.5 km long lava flow field north and northwestward reached an elevation of 975 m causing destruction to the forests. Along the fissure, most of which is buried under more recent lava flows, two large hornitos, named Due Pizzi, were formed.	1069	21.4		Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
1634	19 December- June 1636	SE Flank: 2090-1975	Flank Effusive	From the NNW-SSE eruptive fissure, which is marked by spatter ramparts and hornitos, a large lava flow field 9.3 km long divided in two branches was emitted. One southward reached an elevation of 975 m and the other southeastward reached an elevation of 430 m, causing the destruction of houses in Fleri and damage to cultivated areas.	202.8	13.5		Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
1643	February	NE Flank	Flank effusive	Short lava flow in the upper NE flank.				Vincenzo Macrì in Recupero, 1815
1643	18–28 July (10)	NW Flank: 2850–2250	Flank Effusive	Eruptive fissure formed by two segments, NW-SE oriented, located at 2850–2250 m a.s.l. Short lava flow north-westward reaching an elevation of 1690 m. Maximum lava flow length is 2.7 km.	3-4	1		Contemporaneous source in Branca and Vigliotti, 2015
1646	20 Nov.-17 Jan. 1647 (58)	NE Flank: 1950	Flank Effusive	Intense Strombolian activity formed Mt Nero scoria cone. A wide and 6.4 km long northeastward lava flow field reached an elevation of 670 m causing damage to cultivated areas of Castiglione di Sicilia.	153.4	10.2		Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
1651	January-December 1654	W Flank: 1800	Flank Effusive	WNW-ESE eruptive fissure with spatter ramparts produced a wide and 12.7 km long lava flow field westward that threatened Bronte destroying the neighborhood of San Silvestro and reaching the elevation of 630 m. The lava flows destroyed some farmhouses causing damage to cultivated areas.	474.8	23.7		Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
1669	11 March-11 July (122)	S Flank: 950-700	Flank Effusive and explosive	Dry fracture system, about N-S oriented, from Mt Frumento Supino (2800 m a.s.l.) to Piano di San Leo (1050 m a.s.l.) and along the eastern base of the summit cone up to the Valle del Leone (2650 m a.s.l.). Eruptive fissure, NNW-SSE oriented, formed by several segments between about 950 m and 700 m a.s.l. composed by small spatter ramparts and by the huge scoria cone of Mt Rossi at 800 m a.s.l. Intense long-lasting fire fountain activity from the main vent produced a widespread pyroclastic deposit in the lower SE flank that caused the temporary loss of cultivated land and damage to houses in several towns. Limited collapses of the rims of the summit cone occurred both at the beginning and at the end of the eruption. Large and 17 km-long lava flow southward reached the coast destroying the towns\villages of Guardia, Malpasso, Camporotondo, Potieli, S. Pietro, Misterbianco, Monpilieri, Fallichi, Plache, S.G. Galermo and the westward part of Catania town causing huge damage to the cultivated lands.	607*	40*		Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
1682	September-?	E Flank: base of the summit cone?	Flank (?) Effusive	Lava flows eastward in VdB reached the Rocca Musarra (1600 m).				Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
1683	25 April-1 May	CC	Central explosive	Intense explosive activity with ash emission that caused fallout in the east flank and in Acireale on 28/29 April				Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
1687 end of December	1688 September	CC	Central Effusive	Discontinuous emission of lava flows eastward in VdB.				Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
1689	14 March-April?	E Flank: (buried)	Flank Effusive	A long lava flow field eastward reached an elevation of 210 m and threatened Macchia and caused destruction to forests and damage to cultivated areas. Five people were injured and two killed on 19 March by the lava flow in the forest close to Mt Cagliato. During the eruption explosive activity from the Central Crater produced ash fall up to Reggio Calabria.				Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
1693 february	1694 August	CC	Central Explosive and effusive	Long period of highly discontinuous intracrateric activity characterized by ash emission that produced fallout up to Caltagirone (1693, 1st of April), Messina (1693, 24-25 August), Naso (1693, 4-5 July), Reggio Calabria (1693, 24-25 August), Taormina (1693, 24-25 August), Catania (1694, 1-3 of August), and lava flows in the summit area (Piano del Lago locality, 1693, 8 september).				Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
1698	June	CC	Central Explosive	Impulsive episode of intense explosive activity that produced ash fallout up to Messina.				Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
1702	8 March-8 May (60)	E Flank: in VdB	Flank Effusive	Lava flows eastward in VdB reached the VC.	16.9	3.4		Amico, 1733
1727	22 Nov.-10 May 1728 (168)	W Flank: base of the summit cone ?	Central Effusive	Lava flows westward threatened Bronte and caused destruction to the forests. Confusion between the date of this eruption reported in 1723 by Ferrara and 1727 by Recupero, Alessi and Gemmellaro.				Amico 1733 Ferrara 1818 Alessi, 1829-1835 Gemmellaro, 1858
1732	8 December-January 1733	W Flank: base of the summit cone ?	Central Effusive	Lava flows westward caused destruction to the forests.				Alessi, 1829-1835
1735	1 October- 15 July 1736 (287)	N Flank: base of the summit cone	Central Effusive and explosive	Lava flows west, northeast and eastward caused destruction to the forests. Intense explosive activity at CC produced ash fall.				Alessi, 1829-1835
1744-45		CC	Central Explosive	A discontinuous period of intense Strombolian activity with lava fountain episodes that produced ash fall along the flanks.				Recupero, 1815
1747	Sept-1848?	CC Flank: base of the summit cone	Central Explosive and Effusive	Intense Strombolian activity at CC formed a large scoria cone. Lava flows eastward in VdB from the vents located at the base of the Summit Cone.				Recupero, 1815
1752-54		CC	Central Explosive	Several vents active discontinuously produced an intense Strombolian activity with lava fountain episodes. During this period the height of the CC increased.				Recupero, 1815
1755	Jan-Feb	CC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity.				Recupero, 1815
1755	2-3 March (1)	CC	Central Explosive and effusive	Lava fountain episode produced ash fall in the eastern flank up to Mascali. Lava flows southward and eastward in VdB up to Mt Lepre (1900 m).				Recupero, 1815
1755	9-15 March (6)	E Flank: westward Rocca Musarra (VdB)	Flank Effusive	Lava flow field eastward in VdB reached Mt Cagliato (1200 m). During the eruption a lahar formed on 10^th flowing in the VdB as the result of melting snow.	4.7	1.6		Recupero, 1815
1756	1758	CC	Central Explosive	Discontinuous intense Strombolian activity formed three scoria cones on the rim of CC.				Recupero, 1815
1758	October-February 1759	CC	Central Explosive and Effusive	During this period intense explosive activity caused a collapse of the CC rim on 1^st November. Continuous lava overflows formed a wide lava flow field westward.				Recupero, 1815
1759	14-15 April	CC	Central Explosive	Lava fountain episode produced ash fall along the eastern flank to Milo, Zafferana and Fleri on 14^th and in Catania on 15^th.				Recupero, 1815
1759	19 April-1 August	CC	Central Effusive and Explosive	Discontinuous emission of lava flows south and eastward in VdB from a vent located at the south base of CC and overflows northwestward. Discontinuous Strombolian activity at CC.				Recupero, 1815
1759	3 August	CC	Central Explosive	Lava fountain episode produced ash fall along the southeastern flank to Catania.				Recupero, 1815
1763	6 Feb.-10 March (32)	W Flank: 1600	Flank Effusive	Strombolian activity formed Mts. Nuovo scoria cone. A lava flow field westward 3.5 km long was emitted reaching an elevation of 1180 m.	32^	2.0^		Recupero, 1815
1763	?	W Flank: 1760	Flank effusive	Strombolian activity formed Mts. Nuovo scoria cone. A short lava flow 800 m long reached an elevation of 1605 m.	2.6^	0.2^		Corsaro et al., 2021
1763	18 June-10 Sept. (84)	S Flank: 2500	Flank Explosive and Effusive	Along the NNE-SSW fissure intense and continuous lava fountain activity between 19 June and 8 of August formed a few km high eruptive column, producing abundant lapilli and ash fall mainly southeastward. About 4 kg/m² of ash fell on Catania between 1 and 6 July. A sharp decrease of the explosive activity took place between 8 and 11 August. From this date until 30 August, lava fountaining resumed producing ash fall. Finally, the explosive activity quickly decreases until the end of the eruption. Proximal deposit formed the Montagnola scoria cone at 2500 m elevation. A 3.5-km-long lava flow south and southeastward was produced. There was severe damage to the cultivated areas affected by the tephra fallout.	100	2.4		Recupero, 1815 Ferrara, 1818
1764	1765? (18 months ?)	N Flank: >2600	Flank Effusive	Large lava flow field more than 4.5 km long northwestward reached an elevation of 1660 m	117	5.8		Sartorious, 1880
1766	27 April-6 Nov. (194)	S Flank: 2100-1950	Flank Effusive	Along the N-S eruptive fissures intense Strombolian activity formed Mt Calcarazzi. Ash fall in Catania and Acireale on 7^th July. A wide lava flow field about 6.5 km long southward reached an elevation of 970 m causing destruction to the forests.	135.4	9		Gemmellaro, 1766 Recupero, 1815
1780	end of April-May	CC	Central Explosive	Intense Strombolian activity with associated lava overflows.				Recupero, 1815 Ferrara, 1818
1780	18-28 May (10)	S Flank: 2350-1850	Flank Effusive	NNE-SSW eruptive fissure produced a lava flow field about 8.5 km long southwestward that reached an elevation of 980 m causing destruction to the forests.	29.3	4.9		Recupero, 1815 Ferrara, 1818
1781	Mar.-May	CC	Central Explosive and Effusive	Intense Strombolian activity produced ash fall and lava overflow eastward in VdB. A lava fountain episode produced ash fall in the southern flank on 24^th April.				Gioeni, 1782 Alessi, 1829-1835
1787	second half of June	CC	Central Explosive	Intense Strombolian activity				Recupero, 1815
1787	1-22 July	CC S Flank: 3030	Central Explosive and Flank Effusive	Intense lava fountain episodes with lava overflows. During this phase a fissure opened at the base of the summit cone producing a wide lava flow field southwestward, where it reached an elevation of 1770 m.				Gioeni, 1787 Mirone Pasquali, 1787 Recupero, 1815
1787	18 July	CC	Central Explosive	Subplinian eruption formed abundant lapilli and ash fallout in the southeastern flank. Ash fell on Malta Island. Damage to the forests within 1000 m of elevation.				Gioeni, 1787 Mirone Pasquali, 1787 Recupero, 1815
1791	Feb-May	CC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity				Recupero, 1815 Ferrara, 1818
1791	September	CC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity				Recupero, 1815 Ferrara, 1818
1792	March- 24 May	CC	Central Explosive and effusive	Strombolian activity with lava fountain episodes that formed ash column at the beginning of March and May. On 11^th – 12^th May a main lava fountain episode occurred that produced ash fall in the south flank and two lava overflows southward and eastward in VdB. On 17^th and 24^th two other lava fountain episodes produced ash fall.				Recupero, 1815 Ferrara, 1818
1792	26 May- May 1793 (380?)	SE Flank: 2600-1900	Flank Effusive	Along the NW-SE fracture system formed the pit crater named Cisternazza. Short lava flows (200 m long) emitted from several vents along the southwestern wall of the VdB. The 1900 vent produced a large lava flow field about 6.5 km long eastward that reached an elevation of 610 m threatened Zafferana and caused damage to the cultivated areas.	90	9.6		Dolomieu, 1792 Recupero, 1815
1797	1799	CC	Central Explosive	Discontinuous Strombolian activity. In July 1798 lava fountain episodes with lava overflows. In June 1799 lava fountain episodes.				Ferrara, 1818
1800	February	CC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity gradually increased toward the end of the month.				Ferrara, 1818
1800	27 February	CC	Central Explosive	Strong lava fountain episode (30 min) produced lapilli and ash fall along the eastern flank in Zafferana- Ballo. Tephra deposit about 15 cm thick..				Ferrara, 1818 Alessi, 1829-1835
1800	4 March	CC	Central Explosive	Subplinian eruption led to lapilli and ash fall on the northern flank and up to the Tyrrhenian coast. In the area of Roccella Val Demone (20 km) and Moio Alcantara (18 km) fall of scoriae 238-344 g that injured people. In Milazzo ash fall occurred.				Ferrara, 1818
1800	March-April	CC	Central Explosive	Several lava fountain episodes occurred. In particular on 15^th April eruptive column 3.2 km high produced lapilli and ash fall eastward and caused lahar as the result of melting snow.				Ferrara, 1818
1802	15-18 November (3)	E Flank: westward Rocca Musarra (VdB).	Flank Effusive	Lava flows eastward in VdB. Minor overflows from the CC. From 16^th to 18^th intense Strombolian activity with some lava fountain episodes occurred on 16^th that produced lapilli and ash fall in the eastern flank in Zafferana, Caselle, S. Giovanni	10.4	5.3		Maravigna, 1803
1805	11 March	CC	Central Explosive	Ash column several km high.				Gemmellaro M. in Recupero 1815
1805	11 July-2 August	CC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity from two vents with intracrater lava flows emission.				Gemmellaro M. in Recupero 1815
1806		CC	Central Explosive	Discontinuous Strombolian activity				Gemmellaro M. in Recupero 1815
1807	12-13 Jan.	CC	Central Explosive	Ash emission				Alessi 1829-1835
1808	July-March 1809	CC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity from two vents.				Alessi 1829-1835 Recupero 1815
1809	27 March-9 April (14)	NE Flank: 3000-1350	Flank Effusive	Long eruptive fissure system NE-SW oriented. Strombolian activity formed scoria cones producing several lava flows north-northwest, north and northeastward that reached an elevation of 670 m causing damage to the cultivated areas. On 27^th lava fountain activity at CC produced lapilli fall along the northeast flank to Linguaglossa and ash fall to Messina.	36.1	6		Gemmellaro, 1809 Gemmellaro, 1820
1810	December	CC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity				Gemmellaro, 1811
1811	27 October-24 April 1812 (182)	E flank: 3000-2000	Flank Effusive and explosive (B)	On 27 Oct. 1811, an ash column formed from CC. Along the E-W eruptive fissure several vents produced a wide lava flow field about 5 km long in VdB that reached an elevation of 1100 m. Intense strombolian activity along the fissure formed Mt Simone scoria cone and produced discontinuous ash fall on the eastern flank for all the period of the eruption. In particular, on 31 October 1811 ash fell as far as Messina, and in Catania and Augusta on 1^st November 1811. About 530 g/m² of ash fell in Nicolosi on 2^ndDecember.	50.9	5.1		Gemmellaro, 1811
1816	13 August	CC		Collapse at CC				Gemmellaro, 1819
1819	27 May-5 August (70)	E flank: 2850-2400	Flank Effusive	Intense Strombolian activity produced ash fall in the eastern flank up to Acireale on 27^th May. Strombolian activity along the fissure caused discontinuous ash fall on the flanks during the eruption. Wide lava flow field eastward in VdB reached an elevation of about 1000 m in VC. Strong explosion at CC produced ash fall in the southern flank to Catania on 13^th June.	47.1	5.9		Gemmellaro, 1819 Maravigna, 1819 Alessi, 1829-1835
1822	21 June	CC	Central Explosive	Collapse at CC produced ash fall in the eastern flank up to Mascali.				Alessi, 1829-1835
1823	27 Dec.	CC	Central Explosive	Ash emission, probable collapse at CC				Alessi, 1829-1835
1827	10-14 Oct.	CC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity				Alessi, 1829-1835
1828	23-31 Aug., 1-9 and 17-29 Sept	CC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity with ash emission in September.				Alessi, 1829-1835
1829	11-13 Nov., 9-11 Dec.	CC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity with ash emission.				Alessi, 1829-1835
1830	March-May	CC	Central Explosive	Discontinuous Strombolian activity.				Alessi, 1829-1835
1831	4-15 March and 2-3 April	CC	Central Explosive and effusive	Two Lava flows northward accompanied by intense Strombolian activity with ash emission started on 17 February.				Alessi, 1829-1835
1831	May-Dec.	CC	Central Explosive	Occasional ash emission.				Alessi, 1829-1835
1832	March-April	CC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity with ash emission.				Alessi, 1829-1835
1832	31 Oct.-22 Nov. (23)	SE flank: 3000 W flank: 2650-1700	Flank Effusive	On 31 October the lava flows emitted from the 3000 vent threatened the “Casa Inglese” shelter and reached the VdB. Intense Strombolian activity along the 2650-1700 eruptive fissure formed Mt Nunziata scoria cone producing ash columns about 1 km high that caused ash fall along the western and southern flanks to Catania. Lava flow field about 10.5 km long westward reached an elevation of 950 m causing damage to the cultivated areas.	58.2	5.8		Alessi, 1829-1835 Musumeci, 1832 Sartorius, 1880
1838	2 Aug.-end of Feb. 1839	CC	Central Effusive	Strombolian activity with ash emission at CC from 13^th July. Lava flows southeastward and eastward in VdB started on 2^nd August accompanied by intense Strombolian activity up to February 1839.				Gemmellaro, 1838
1842	27 Nov.-28 December (31)	CC	Central Explosive and Effusive	Continuous Strombolian activity at CC formed an intracrater scoria cone that covered and grew in height above the CC rim modifying its morphological setting (“bicorne” since 1444). During the eruption lava flows were emitted southeastward and eastward about 4 km long in VdB.				Gemmellaro, 1842
1843	17-8 Nov (11)	W flank: 2375-1830	Flank Effusive	Along WNW-ESE eruptive fissure Strombolian activity formed coalescent scoria cones. Lava flow field about 13.5 km long westward reached an elevation of 540 m and cut the “Consolare Palermo-Messina” road. On 25^th a violent phreatic burst occurred at lava flow front and killed fifty nine people. During the eruption discontinuous ash emission from CC produced ash fall in the south and eastern flanks reaching Catania.	52.8	6.6		Gemmellaro, 1843
1843	1-10 December	CC	Central Explosive	Fine grey ash emission from CC produced ash fall in the southern flank to Catania plain.				Gemmellaro, 1843
Dagala dell’Orso	1850±80	NW flank: 2080-1720	Flank effusive	Eruptive fissures formed by two segments that generated short lava flows reaching an elevation of 1475 m. Maximum lava flow length is 3.3 km.				Tanguy et al., 2012
1852	20 August-27 May 1853 (280)	E flank: 1950-1700	Flank Effusive and explosive (B)	Along an E-W eruptive fissure, intense and continuous explosive activity between 20 August and 28 November formed an eruptive column that produced ash fall mainly on the eastern flank and southwestward to Catania and Siracusa and northeastward to Taormina and Messina. The continuous ash fall caused damage to the cultivated areas on the eastern flank and some roof collapse in Zafferana, Milo, and other villages. The intensity of explosive activity decreased from 28 November and strombolian activity formed the Mts Centenari scoria cones. Lava effusion formed a wide lava flow field 8 km long eastward and southeastward in VdB threatened Milo, Ballo and Zafferana reaching an elevation of 635 m.	127.4	10.6		Tornabene, 1852 Vigo, 1853 Gemmellaro, 1854a and b
1863	1 May-June	CC		Discontinuous ash emission.				Gemmellaro, 1863 Silvestri, 1867
1863	7 July	CC	Central Explosive	Subplinian eruption causing lapilli and ash fall on the southeastern flank and southeastern Sicily. A few centimeter ash layer covered the beach of Catania (Playa). Ash fall is reported in Malta Island and in the Calabria coast. The “Casa Inglese” at 2957 m was destroyed by meter-sized bombs.. Bombs up to 13 cm in size at about 2.5 km of distance from the vent Damage to the cultivated areas of the SE flank.The tephra fallout caused damage to the cultivated areas of the SE flank.				Gemmellaro, 1863 Silvestri, 1867
1863	8-25 July	CC	Central Explosive	Intense Strombolian activity with several strong lava fountain episodes with ash fall occurred on 8^th, where 50 cm of lapilli deposit covered the Piano del Lago area at 2500 of elevation, between 16-18^th, with a 2 km long rheomorphic lava flow formed southwestward on the 17^th, and 24-25^th .				Silvestri, 1867
1864	August-September	CC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity				Gemmellaro, 1865 Silvestri, 1867
1865	30 Jan-28 June (150)	NE flank: 1825-1625	Flank Effusive	Along an ENE-WSW eruptive fissure intense Strombolian activity formed the Mts Sartorius scoria cones and produced lapilli and ash fall in the northeastern flank. A wide lava flow field 7.5 km long southward reached an elevation of 770 m.	86.9	7.3		Gemmellaro, 1865 Grafsi, 1865 Silvestri, 1866 Silvestri, 1867
1869	26 September	E flank: probably at the east base of the CC	Flank Effusive	Lava flow eastward in VdB close to Mt Simone (2000 m).	2.4	1.2		Sartorious, 1880
1874		CC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity				Silvestri, 1874 a and b
1874	29-31 August (2)	N flank: 2450-2200	Flank Effusive	Lava fountain activity at CC formed an eruptive column with lapilli and ash fall. NNE-SSW 3 km long eruptive fissure produced two short 150 and 400 m lava flows north-eastward respectively.	1.5	0.4		Silvestri, 1874 a and b
1879	26 May-7 June (12)	N flank: 2250-2100; 2050-1900. SW flank: 2680	Flank Effusive	About N-S 10 km long fissure system cut the summit cone. An ash column formed at the beginning of the eruption that produced ash fall in the north flank up to Reggio Calabria. Stombolian activity formed the Mts Umberto and Margherita at 2250-2100 in the northeastern flank. Lava flowed from the 2050-1900 vent for 9 km reaching 550 m a.s.l. close to Alcantara River and cut the Randazzo-Linguaglossa road. From the SW 2680 vent a 2 km lava flow formed.	21.9	3		Silvestri, 1879 Blaserna et al., 1879
1880	January	CC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity				Silvestri, 1883
1880	February	CC	Central Explosive	Intense lava fountaining episodes produced ash fall in the eastern flank to the coast (3 cm thick in Acireale) on 8, 9, 10, 23 and 24th.				Silvestri, 1883
1880	March-August	CC	Central Explosive	Intense Strombolian activity with discontinuous ash fell in the summit area.				Silvestri, 1883
1880	13 Nov.	CC	Central Explosive	Ash emission probably related to a collapse.				Silvestri, 1883
1881	28-31 Dec.	CC	Central Explosive	Intense Strombolian activity Continuous ash emissions with abundant ash fall in the northwestern flank up to Bronte and Maletto.				Silvestri, 1883
1882	Jan.-Feb.	CC	Central Explosive	Intense Strombolian activity with ash fall on all the flanks as far as the coast, Randazzo, Bronte, Biancavilla.				Silvestri, 1883
1882	April-Dec.	CC	Central Explosive	Intense Strombolian activity with discontinuous ash fell in the summit area.				Silvestri, 1883
1883	Jan.-Feb.	CC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity.				Silvestri, 1883
1883	22-24 March (3)	S flank: 1200-950	Flank Effusive	A N-S dry fracture system from the summit cone to 950 m a.s.l. Stombolian activity along the 3 km long NNW-SSE eruptive fissure formed Mt Leone scoria cone. A short lava flow 250 m long southwestward. On 25 March a 7 km high eruptive column formed at CC.	0.1	0.04		Ricciardi, 1883 Silvestri, 1883
1883	25 March	CC	Central Explosive	A 7 km high eruptive column produced ash fall in VdB.				Ricciardi, 1883 Silvestri, 1883
1883	April-Dec.	CC	Central Explosive	Discontinuous Strombolian activity with ash emission on 10-13 and 29-30 April, 15-17 and 25 May, 27-28 June, 2 and 11 August, 7 and 29,30 Sept, 24-25 Nov, 24-29 December				Silvestri, 1883
1884	1885 up to April 1886	CC	Central Explosive	Discontinuous Strombolian activity with ash emission.				Silvestri, 1893 Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904
1886	19 May- 7 June (20)	S flank: 1500-1300	Flank Effusive and explosive (B)	On 18 May, intense explosive activity at CC formed an ash column producing ash fall on the western flanks. Intense strombolian activity along NNE-SSW eruptive fissure formed the large Mt Gemmellaro scoria cone. The formation of eruptive columns until the end of May produced almost continuous ash fall mainly on the southeastern flank to Catania, where 2.6 kg/m²fell between 28 and 29 May, causing damage to the cultivated areas of Pedara and Nicolosi. Ash fall occurred also in northern and southern Sicily and as far as Malta. Lava effusion formed a wide lava flow field, 6.5 km long, heading south reached an elevation of 780 m.	38.3	4.8		Silvestri, 1886 a and b Gentile Cusà, 1886 Silvestri, 1893
1887	31 May-August	CC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity with ash fall in the summit cone area.				Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904
1888	April-December	CC	Central Explosive	Almost continuous Strombolian activity. Five lava fountain episodes formed eruptive columns with lapilli and ash fall on the east and southeastern flanks to the coast occurred on 13^th April, 1^st May, 26^th June, 30^th September, 8^th October.				Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904
1889	March-August	CC	Central Explosive	Almost continuous Strombolian activity. Lava fountain episodes occurred on 2, 13, 14 and 17th June ash fall in Catania.				Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904
1890	May- October	CC	Central Explosive	Discontinuous Strombolian activity. Lava fountain episode occurred on 17^th October that produced a 1.6 km high eruptive column and abundant ash fall on the southwestern flank.				Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904
1891	20 February	CC	Central Explosive	Lava fountain episode produced an eruptive column 1.6 km high with abundant ash fall on the southeast flank to the coast.				Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904
1891	March-May	CC	Central Explosive	Discontinuous Strombolian activity				Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904
1891	8 September	CC	Central Explosive	Lava fountain episode produced a 3.5 km high eruptive column. Ash cloud divided in two directions, north and southward.				Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904
1891	December	CC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity				Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904
1892	June	CC	Central Explosive	Intense Strombolian activity with ash fall in the eastern and southern flanks				Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904

1892	9 July-29 Dec. (173)	S flank: 2025-1800	Flank Effusive and explosive (B)	On 8 July, intense explosive activity at CC formed an ash column producing ash fall on the south and southeast flanks down to Catania. Along the eruptive fissure 300-400-m-high lava fountain formed an eruptive column that produced almost continuous lapilli and ash fall until 30 July mainly on the southeastern flank up to Malta. The ash fall occurred also on the northeastern flank reaching Messina and Reggio Calabria. There was no explosive activity between 31 July and 2 August. It resumed on 3 August with a lower intensity and until 27 August formed a dilute ash column. In this period the explosive activity progressively became strombolian and gradually decreased with time. Lava effusion formed a wide, 7-km-long lava flow field directed southward, reaching an elevation of 920 m.	121.1	10.1		Bartoli, 1892 Arcidiacono, 1902 Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904
1893-98		CC	Central Explosive	Discontinuous and weak Strombolian activity produced within the CC conduit with occasionally lava emission that indicated variation of the magma level.				De Fiore, 1909
1899	19 July	CC	Central Explosive	A violent phreatic explosion formed a 5 km high eruptive column that produced ash fall in the flanks to the coast. The proximal deposit consists of large lava blocks (up to 30 cm) that damaged the Osservatorio Etneo at 2950 m of elevation.				Mascari, 1899 Arcidiacono, 1900 Riccò, 1910a
1899	5 August	CC	Central Explosive	Lava fountain episode formed an eruptive column that produced lapilli and ash fall in the southeastern flank.				Mascari, 1899 Arcidiacono, 1900 Riccò, 1910a
1906	5 January	CC	Central Explosive	Violent phreatomagmatic? explosions produced ash fall in the southeastern flank to Catania.				Ponte, 1906 De Fiore, 1909
1906	18 Dec.-1907	CC	Central Explosive	Intense and discontinuous Strombolian activity.				De Fiore, 1909
1908	29-30 April (1)	E flank: 2500-2275	Flank Effusive	Eruptive column at CC. NNW-SSE eruptive fissure produced a lava flow about 5 km long eastward in VdB. Ash emission at CC followed the end of the eruption for several days.	2	1		Platania, 1908 Riccò, 1908
1908	June-Dec.	CC	Central Explosive	Discontinuous and intense Strombolian activity with occasional ash fall mainly in the eastern flank.				Vinassa de Regny et al., 1911
1909		CC	Central Explosive	Discontinuous and intense Strombolian activity				Vinassa de Regny et al., 1911
1910	23 Mar.-18 April (26)	S flank: 2300-1950	Flank Effusive	About N-S dry fracture system from 2850 to southward La Montagnola. NNE-SSW eruptive fissure produced a lava flow field 10 km long southward reaching an elevation of 700 m a.s.l. Strombolian activity along the fissure formed Mts Riccò scoria cones. A lahar originated along the base of the CC on the 16^th reached the VdB floor.	65	4.9		Platania, 1910 Platania, 1911a Ponte, 1911a and b De Fiore, 1911 Riccò, 1910 a and b Vinassa de Regny et al., 1911
1910	27 Dec.-15 Feb. 1911	CC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity. On 25 January a strong lava fountain episode formed lapilli and ash fall in the southeastern flank to Catania. At Rifugio Sapienza area a continuous fine lapilli deposit, 2 cm thick, formed				Platania, 1911b De Fiore, 1911
1911	27 May	CC		A collapse formed a 106 m wide pit crater, named NEC, in the north-east slope of the CC at 3160 m a.s.l.				Platania, 1911b
1911	10-23 September (13)	NE flank: 2550-1650	Flank Effusive and explosive	About 8 km long NE-SW fracture system from about 3000 to 1650. From the 2550-1650 vents a lava flow field 7.5 km long northeastward. The lava flow reached an elevation of 550 m a.s.l. and cut the Circumetnea railway and the Linguaglossa-Randazzo road. Continuous ash emission from the CC during the eruption that caused ash fall in all flanks. In particular, on 10^th Sept. a 2 km high eruptive column formed producing ash fall in the southeastern flank to Catania. On the contrary, at NEC only degassing activity was present.	55.4	5.5		Riccò, 1911 Ponte, 1911c Ponte, 1912 Ponte, 1913 Platania, 1912
1914-15		CC	Central Explosive	Discontinuous and weak Strombolian activity produced within the CC conduit.				Ponte, 1924
1916		CC and NEC	Central Explosive	Increasing Strombolian activity at CC. Strombolian activity started at NEC on October				Ponte, 1924
1917	Spring	CC and NEC	Central Explosive	Ash emission due to probable collapse phenomena.				Ponte, 1924
1917	24 June	NEC	Central Explosive	Lava fountain episode formed a 1 km high eruptive column. Lapilli and ash fell in the eastern flank to the coast. A rheomorphic lava flow 1 km²large formed in the northeastern slope of the crater.				Ponte, 1919
1918	March-July	NEC	Central Explosive	Intense Strombolian activity with associated lava overflows eastward				Ponte, 1920
1918	30? November (2?)	N flank: 3050, 2800	Central Explosive and Flank Effusive	Intense explosive activity at CC started in October and preceded the opening of the eruptive fissure system formed by a N-S dry fracture field from 2850 to 3050 m in the southern flank and by a NNW-SSE eruptive fissure system in the northern one in which several vents produced short lava flows 1.2 km long northward and westward.	1.22	0.3		De Fiore, 1920
1919	March-June 1923	CC	Central Explosive	A long period characterized by phases of Strombolian activity that formed intracrater scoria cone formed with occasionally lava flows emission and with occasionally ash emission that caused ash fall to the coast, and phases of collapse phenomena indicating the variation of magma column in the conduit.				De Fiore, 1925 Boll. R. Oss. Geod., 1922a and 1922b
1921	Nov.-1922-April 1923	NEC	Central Explosive	Discontinuous Strombolian activity with occasional ash emission. Increase in the Strombolian activity from June 1922 that formed an intracrater scoria cone.				Ponte, 1924
1923	3- end of May	NEC	Central Explosive and effusive	Strombolian activity and lava effusion from a vent opened at the northern base of the NEC. Lava flow field northward and northeastward in VdL.				Milone, 1924 Ponte, 1924 Stella Starabba, 1932
1923	17 June-18 July (31)	NE flank: 2500-2000	Flank Effusive	Along a NE-SW eruptive system several vents produced a lava flow field 11 km long northeastward. The lava flow reached an elevation of 600 m a.s.l. and destroyed the Castiglione railway station cutting the Circumetnea railway and the Linguaglossa-Randazzo road. Before, during and after the eruption ash emission at CC occurred.	78	6.48		Ponte, 1923 a and b De Fiore, 1926 Milone, 1924
1923	April-1924	CC	Central Explosive	Collapse phenomena with ash emission that caused discontinuous fine ash fall in the eastern flank.				Ponte, 1926 Stella Starabba, 1932
1924	20 July-12 Feb. 1925	NEC	Central Explosive	Episodic and discontinuous Strombolian activity.				Stella Starabba, 1932
1928	2-20 November (18)	E flank: 3000-2600 VdL; 2300-2050; 1200	Flank Effusive	Intense ash emission from NEC and fallout between Castiglione and Piedimonte preceded the opening of the ENE-WSW eruptive fissure system on 2^nd and ash fall southeastward on 3^rd. Short-lived lava flow from the 2600 vent in VdL. Lava flow east-northeast and eastward from the 2300-2050 fissure. Lava flow field about 8 km long eastward from the 1200 vent reached an elevation of 25 m and destroyed the town of Mascali on 7^th. On the 16th lava flow cut the Catania-Messina road.	53	4.4		Ponte, 1928 Ponte, 1929a and b Branca et al. 2017
1929-1933		CC and NEC	Central Explosive	Discontinuous Strombolian activity				Ponte, 1937
1934	Jan.-March	CC and NEC	Central Explosive	Discontinuous Strombolian activity				Ponte, 1937
1935	July-September	CC and NEC	Central Explosive	Alternation and/or contemporaneous Strombolian activity at CC and NEC.				Ponte, 1937
1936	February-December	CC and NEC	Central Explosive	Alternation and/or contemporaneous Strombolian activity at CC and NEC. The activity increased in July, August and in December.				Ponte, 1937
1936	29 December	CC	Central Explosive	Lava fountain episode formed ash fall in the south-eastern flank in VdB.				Boll. Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46
1937	January-December	CC and NEC	Central Explosive	Alternation and/or contemporaneous Strombolian activity at CC and NEC				Boll. Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46
1938	January-December	CC and NEC	Central Explosive	Alternation and/or contemporaneous Strombolian activity at CC and NEC				Boll. Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46
1939	April-December	CC and NEC	Central Explosive and effusive	Alternation and/or contemporaneous Strombolian activity at CC and NEC. Lava fountain episode with associated lava flows that partially filled the intracrater terrace occurred on 26^th June at CC.				Boll. Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46
1940	Jan.-March	CC and NEC	Central Explosive	Alternation and/or contemporaneous Strombolian activity at CC and NEC.				Boll. Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46
1940	16 March	CC	Central Explosive	Subplinian eruption formed ash fall in the eastern flank between Taormina and Catania. The dispersal axis was northeast; about 2 kg/m² of lapilli and ash in the Piedimonte area and about 1 kg/m² of ash in Taormina. Coarse ash fall occurred in Messina and Reggio Calabria too.				Boll. Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46.
1940	24 May	CC	Central Explosive	Strong lava fountain episode formed ash and lapilli fallout in the eastern flank to Pozzillo. Lapilli were 5-8 cm large in the Zafferana and Fornazzo area.				Boll. Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46.
1940	June-December	CC and NEC	Central Explosive	Alternation of Strombolian activity at CC and NEC.				Boll. Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46.
1941	January	NEC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity.				Boll. Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46.
1942	October-June	CC	Central Explosive	Continuous Strombolian activity.				Boll. Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46.
1942	30 June (1)	S flank: 2750-2550; 2545-2530	Flank Effusive	A lava flow about 3.5 km long southwestward reached an elevation of 1750 m from two eruptive fissures NE-SW and NNE-SSW oriented. Eruptive column formed at CC that caused ash fall southward.	1.7	0.8		Cumin, 1943 Ponte, 1948a
1942	5 and 7 July	CC	Central Explosive	Strong lava fountain episodes producing an eruptive column and coarse ash fall to Catania.				Boll.Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46.
1942	September-December	NEC	Central Explosive	Weak and discontinuous Strombolian activity that increased in December.				Boll.Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46.
1943-46		NEC	Central Explosive	Almost continuous Strombolian activity with occasional ash emission.				Boll.Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46.
1947	5/6 February	NEC	Central Explosive	Subplinian eruption formed lapilli and ash fall on the eastern flank to the coast. A continuous lapilli and bombs up to 8 cm deposit covered the Giarre area.				Cucuzza Silvestri, 1949a
1947	10 and 16 February	NEC, CC	Central Explosive	Two paroxysmal episodes produced a 600 m high lava fountain al NE and 400 m high lava fountain at CC, respectively.				Cucuzza Silvestri, 1949a
1947	24 Feb-10 March (16)	NE flank: 3050-2150	Flank Effusive	Two short lava flows northward from a fissure at the base of the NEC. Along a N-S and NE-SW eruptive fissure system several vents produced lava flows northward. From 2150 vent a 6 km long lava flow field reached an elevation of about 850 m a.s.l.	11.9	2		Cumin, 1947 Ponte, 1947; 1948b Cucuzza Silvestri, 1949b and c
1949	2-4/5 December (3)	Summit cone slopes N and S; NW flank 2420-2100	Flank Effusive and explosive	At the beginning an eruptive column at CC formed producing ash fall in the southeastern flank. 119g/m² of ash fell in Catania in three hours. NNW-SSE eruptive fissure cut the summit cone producing two lava flows 3.5 km long northward and 3 km long southwestward. From the 2420-1990 NW-SE eruptive fissure a lava flow 6 km long westward reached an elevation of 1460 m. During this period the NEC was characterized by deep Strombolian activity.	11	2.9		Cumin, 1950a and b
1950	Jan.-Nov.	NEC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity.				Ponte, 1953
1950	25 Nov.-2 Dec 1951 (372)	E flank: 2820-2250	Flank Effusive	An E-W eruptive fissure produced a wide lava flow field in VdB 9.7 km long. The lava flow cut the Fornazzo-Linguaglossa road reaching an elevation of 625 m a.s.l.	171	10.3		Cumin, 1952-54 Ponte, 1953 Cumin, 1954
1955	29 June-Dec.	NEC	Central Explosive and effusive	Strombolian activity with lava overflow that formed a lava flow field north and northeastward and eastward in VdB.				Cumin, 1956 Cucuzza Silvestri, 1957°
1956	28 Feb-2 March	CC	Central Explosive and effusive	Strong lava fountain activity formed a continuous lapilli and ash fall along the southeast flank between Pozzillo and Motta S. Anastasia. Lava overflows northwest, northeast in VdL and eastward in VdB.	2.4		2	Cucuzza Silvestri, 1957a
1956	1-2 March (2)	E flank: 2750	Flank Effusive	Lava flow about 2 km long eastward in VdB.				Cucuzza Silvestri, 1957a
1956	2-7/8 Apr.	CC	Central Explosive and effusive	Continuous lava fountain activity formed an ash fall along the east flank to the coast (Giarre). Lava overflows northwest, northeast in VdL and eastward reached an elevation of about 1900 m in VdB.	1.5		2	Cucuzza Silvestri, 1957a
1957	5 Feb.-15 March	NEC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity.				Cucuzza Silvestri, 1957b
1957	5 February-3 May	NEC	Central Effusive and explosive	Almost continuous intense Strombolian activity with formation of ash columns during single episodes (5-14 Feb., 25 Feb-15 March). From 16^th March intense Strombolian activity and lava overflows east, north and northwestward with a maximum length of about 1.2 km.	1			Cucuzza Silvestri, 1957b Cucuzza Silvestri, 1960a
1960	17 July	CC	Central Explosive	Subplinian eruption formed a several km high eruptive column. Lapilli and ash fell northeastward reaching Taormina and Messina causing damage to agricultural land. Some forest lavas were ignited by incandescent pyroclastics up to 7 km from the summit, at 1700-1800 m of elevation. The most affected sector was in the Linguaglossa-Fiumefreddo area where lapilli up to 5 cm were deposited in a continuous sheet. The proximal thickness of the deposit was about 10 m.			10	Cucuzza Silvestri, 1960b and c
1960	20 July	CC	Central Explosive	Strong lava fountain episode formed a several km high eruptive column. Ash fall in the southeast flank to Acireale and Catania.				Cucuzza Silvestri, 1960b and c
1960	5 and 8 August	CC	Central Explosive	Strong lava fountain episode formed a 2.5 km high eruptive column. Ash fell over the east and northeast flanks to the coast (Piedimonte-Mascali).				Cucuzza Silvestri, 1960b and c
1960	30 December-January1964	NEC	Central Explosive and lava overflow	Lava overflows from vents on the flanks or at the base of the NEC associated with Strombolian activity occurred with short periods of quiescence.				Cucuzza Silvestri, 1964
1961	12-13 May	CC	Central Explosive and lava overflow	Strong Strombolian activity produced overflows towards east and northward, reaching lengths of 1.5 and 2.5 km respectively.				Cucuzza Silvestri, 1964
1964	1- end of Feb. approx.	E flank: 3175-2900	Flank Effusive	An E-W eruptive fissure produced a lava flow field about 4 km long in VdB. This eruption started with an intense Strombolian activity at CC associated with overflows northward.				Cucuzza Silvestri, 1964 Cucuzza Silvestri, 1965 Sturiale, 1968
1964	7 Apr-5 July	CC	Central Explosive and lava overflow	Intense lava fountain activity with formation of eruptive columns and ash fall in the eastern flank. Successively it became Strombolian and formed a scoria cone in the intracrater cone. Many lava overflows south and mainly westward reached a maximum length of 4.5 km. During the eruption a graben formed along the S slope of the summit cone. Strong lava fountain episode formed a several km high ash column closed this period.	20		5	Cucuzza Silvestri, 1964 Cucuzza Silvestri, 1965 Behncke et al., 2004
1966	11 Jan.-March 1971	NEC	Central Effusive and explosive	Almost continuous long-lived lava flow emissions from vents along the base of the cone. The lava flows directed mainly north, northeast and eastward in VdL and VdB reached a maximum length of about 2.5 km producing a wide fan-shape lava flow field. Intense Strombolian activity increased the scoria cone. A large hornito built on the northeast side of the cone.				Cucuzza Silvestri, 1966 Cucuzza Silvestri, 1969a Cucuzza Silvestri, 1969b Guest, 1973
1968	7 Jan.-4 May (117)	E flank: 2900, 2500	Flank Effusive	Lava flow field in VdB reached an elevation of 1650 m. On 9/10 June a 8 m wide pit crater formed on the west side of CC named Bocca Nuova (BN). During the winter of 1970-71 it collapsed to form a crater 100 wide and about 300 deep.				Cucuzza Silvestri, 1969b Guest, 1973
1968	9 June-15 July?	E flank: 2850	Flank Effusive	Lava flow field in VdL.				Cucuzza Silvestri, 1969b
1971	5 April- 12 June (69)	S flank: 3020, 3000, 2960 E flank: 2880, 2680, 2580, 2540, 2300, 1840, 1800	Flank Effusive	Three eruptive vents located along the south base of the summit cone formed scoria cones and lava flows southward and eastward. The lava flows destroyed the Volcanological Observatory and the cable car. A series of eruptive vents WNW-ESE aligned produced a lava flow field in VdB. From the 1840-1800 vent a 7 km long eastward lava flow field destroyed some houses of Fornazzo. On 18 May a pit crater opened on the southeast base of the summit cone at 2915 m. During the first days of the eruption ash emission at VOR occurred.	75	7.5		Rittmann et al., 1971 Guest and Skelhorn, 1973
1971	September and December	VOR	Central Explosive	Weak Strombolian activity				Bottari et al., 1975
1972	1973	VOR and BN	Central Explosive	Weak and almost continuous Strombolian activity. In particular, the climax occurred on 6^th November 1973 when an ash column 3 km high formed producing ash fall in the summit area.				Bottari et al., 1975
1974	30 Jan-16 Feb. (17)	W flank: 1670	Flank Effusive	Intense Strombolian activity at the vent formed Mt De Fiore I scoria cone. Lava flows to north, south and west reached a maximum length of 1.5 km. At VOR and BN discontinuous ash emission.	2.4	0.3		Guest et al., 1974 Bottari et al., 1975 Romano et al., 1976
1974	11-29 Ma.r (18)	W flank: 1650	Flank Effusive	Intense Strombolian activity at the vent formed Mt De Fiore II scoria cone. Lava flow field westward reached a maximum length of 1.3 km. At VOR and BN discontinuous ash emission.	2.1	0.2		Guest et al., 1974 Bottari et al., 1975 Romano et al., 1976
1974	10 Oct-25 Feb 1975 (138)	NEC	Central Effusive	Lava flow field north, east and westward produced by a fissure in the slope. Strombolian activity started at NEC on 29^th September.				Romano and Sturiale, 1978a
1975	24 Feb-29 Aug. (187)	N flank: 2625	Flank Effusive	NNW-SSE fissure system from NEC. Lava flow field northward reached 1.8 km of length. Strombolian activity resumed at NEC in July.		1		Pinkerton and Sparks, 1976 Romano and Sturiale, 1978 a and b
1975	12 Sept-28 Nov. (77)	NEC	Central Effusive	Lava flow field north and northwestward from a vent opened in the west slope.				Romano and Sturiale, 1978 a and b
1975	29 Nov.-8 Jan. 1977 (406)	NW flank: 2920	Flank Effusive	Lava flow field on north and northwest flanks reached 1800 m a.s.l with a maximum length of 5 km. Strombolian activity at the vent formed Mt Cumin scoria cone.				Romano and Sturiale, 1978 a and b;
1976-77		VOR and BN	Central Explosive	Weak and almost continuous Strombolian activity with occasional ash emission.				Romano and Sturiale, 1978 a and b;
1977	16 July-29 Mar. 1978	NEC	Central Explosive and effusive	Twentythree short-lived eruptive episodes characterized by lava fountain producing ash fall up to Catania and/or lava flows emitted from fissures opened around the NEC slope. Lava flows mainly covered the north-northwest flanks with a maximum length of 7 km.				Romano et al., 1977 Romano and Sturiale; 1979 Romano, 1980 McClelland et al., 1975-1985
1978	29 Apr-5 June (37)	E flank: 3000-2875, 2800-2575	Flank Effusive and minor explosive	NW-SE eruptive fissure from the SE base of the summit cone at 3000 to 2800 and NNW-SSE 2800-2575 eruptive fissure produced lava flows that traveled northeast, southeast and east-southeastward in VdB reaching a maximum length of about 4 km. Intense ash emission occurred at the 1971 pit crater that will be named SEC.	27.5	1.8		Romano, 1981 Forgione et al., 1989 McClelland et al., 1975-1985
1978	24-30 August (6)	E flank: 2725, 2700-2520; 2300	Central and Flank Effusive	Intense Strombolian activity at SEC with overflow eastward. Lava flows produced by the several vents directed in VdB reaching 1625 m of elevation and a maximum length of about 3.5 km.	4	0.75		Romano, 1981 Forgione et al., 1989 McClelland et al., 1975-1985
1978	18-30 November (12)	SEC E flank: 2600-1675	Central and Flank Effusive and minor explosive	Intense Strombolian activity at SEC with a lava fountain episode followed by a lava overflow eastward. Several vents opened along the NNW-SSE fissure system on western wall of VdB. Lava flows traveled more than 4 km eastward reaching an elevation of 1100 m in VC. During this period a strong ash emission occurred at SEC causing ash fallout in western Calabria.	11	2.75		Romano, 1981 Forgione et al., 1989 McClelland et al., 1975-1985
1979	3 August	SEC	Central Explosive	Subplinian episode produced ash fall in Catania and Siracusa causing the closure of the Catania airport.				Romano and Sturiale, 1981
1979	3-9 August (6)	E flank: 2950-2875, 2850-2700, 1800-1700; NE flank: 2500, 2150	Flank Effusive and minor explosive	Intense explosive activity at VOR and SEC from 16 July preceded the eruption. Lava flows formed from four eruptive fissures in VdB and along the northern slope of VdB. The lava flow reached a maximum length of 6 km in VdB and cut the Mareneve road and stopped close to Fornazzo. Intense ash emission from SEC on 5 August and ash fall in Catania and Siracusa.	7.5	2.5		Romano and Sturiale, 1981 Guest and Murray, 1980 McClelland et al., 1975-1985
1979	12 September	BN	Central Explosive	Very strong phreatic explosion at BN ejected lithic blocks that killed nine people and injured twentythree.				Romano and Sturiale, 1981 Guest et al., 1980 McClelland et al., 1975-1985
1980	March-August	BN and SEC		Strombolian activity and lava fountain episodes				McClelland et al., 1975-1985
1980	1-26 September (25)	NEC	Central Explosive with lava overflows	Lava fountain activity with ash fall in the eastern flank with three phenomena of lava overflow toward NW. In this period Strombolian activity at BN.				Romano and Sturiale, 1982 McClelland et al., 1975-1985
1981	5-7 February (2)	NEC	Central Explosive with minor effusive	After a period of ash emission since the end of January a violent Strombolian activity and three lava flows north, northwest and westward from the NW base of the NEC. The main lava flow traveled 2 km.				Romano and Sturiale, 1983 McClelland et al., 1975-1985
1981	17-23 March (6)	N flank: 2550, 2460, 2160, 1800-1300, 1235-1140	Flank Effusive	Vents aligned along a NW-SE fissure. Lava flow field 7.5 km long northward from 1800-1300 vent reached an elevation of 600 m and threatened Randazzo. Minor lava flow 1.7 km long northward from 1235-1140 vent. Lava flow cut the S.P. 120, the Circumetnea and Taormina-Randazzo railway lines, reaching the Alcantara River.	22.75	6		Romano and Vaccaro, 1986 Romano and Sturiale, 1983 McClelland et al., 1975-1985
1982	August-December	BN	Central Explosive	Weak Strombolian activity with intense episodes that produced occasional ash columns.				McClelland et al., 1975-1985
1983	28 Mar.-6 August (131)	S flank: 2450-2250	Flank Effusive	NNE-SSW eruptive fissure produced a lava flow field 7.5 km long southward That reached an elevation of 1080 m. Damage to the S.P. 92 road (Nicolosi-Sapienza) and destruction of the ski-lift. Intense ash emission from BN between 2-5 May with fallout to Calabria coast. During the eruption the Italian Civil Defense tried to divert the lava flow obtaining only a modest diversion of the flow.	80	6		Romano and Vaccaro, 1986 Frazzetta and Romano, 1984 McClelland et al., 1975-1985 Guest et al., 1987
1984	28 Apr-17 Oct. (172)	SEC	Central Effusive	Lava flow field 3 km long eastward in VdB reached an elevation of 1900 m. A moderate Strombolian activity occurred at SEC. Weak Strombolian activity occurred at BN on September and at VOR and NEC on October	10	1.5		Romano, 1986 Romano and Vaccaro, 1986 McClelland et al., 1975-1985
1985	8-10 March	SEC	Central Explosive and effusive	Intense Strombolian activity with a 3.8 km long overflow in VdB.				Romano, 1986 McClelland et al., 1975-1985
1985	12 March-13 July (125)	S flank: 2620-2480	Flank Effusive	NNE-SSW eruptive fissure formed a lava flow field south-southward 3 km long that reached an elevation of 1830 m. Damage to the ski-lift and “Funivia dell’Etna” (cable car). Strombolian activity resumed at BN at the end of the eruption.	30	2.2		Romano, 1986 Romano and Vaccaro, 1986 McClelland et al., 1975-1985
1985	25 Dec. (1) 28-31 Dec (3)	E flank: 2750-2420, 2610-2500	Flank Effusive	Strong ash emission from VOR, SEC and NEC at the beginning of the eruption. Lava flow field 3.5 km long eastward in VdB reached an elevation of 1675 m. Strombolian activity resumed at SEC on 19^th December.	0.7	0.7		Romano, 1986 Romano and Vaccaro, 1986 McClelland et al., 1975-1985
1986	January-September	NEC, BN and SEC	Central Explosive and lava overflows	Discontinuous weak Strombolian activity. Intense Strombolian activity and lava overflow northward 1.3 km long at NEC between 13^th and 23^th September.				Caltabiano et al., 1987
1986	24 September	NEC	Central Explosive	Subplinian eruption produced an eruption column 10-13 km high and ash fallout on the SE flank as far as 80 km away reaching Siracusa and causing the closure of the Catania airport. At the climax lava jets reached 1000-1500 m above the vent, and the summit area was showered with large bombs up to 2 m. 750 g/m² of lapilli and ash deposited in Nicolosi and 8-10 g/m² deposited in Siracusa.			7	Caltabiano et al., 1987 Amore et al., 1987
1986	30 October-1 March 1987 (122)	NE flank: 2900-2800, 2550, 2350	Flank Effusive	Lava flow field from 2550 vent eastward 5 km long in VdB. 2350 vent formed Mt Rittmann scoria cone in VdB and a lava flow field eastward 5 km long reached 1320 m of elevation. On 31 October a lava fountain episode at SEC occurred with an overflow 2 km long southeastward.	57	5.7		Armienti et al., 1987 Caltabiano et al., 1987
1987	17 April	SEC	Central Explosive	Violent phreatic explosion ejecting lithic blocks that killed two people and injured seven.				Romano et al., 1987
1988	April-Dec.	VOR, BN and SEC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity at BN. Since July Strombolian activity at VOR and two lava fountain episodes occurred on 23^th August and 26^th October producing lapilli and ash fall in the proximal area. In October Strombolian activity resumed at SEC.				Calvari et al., 1989
1989	May- 23 September	VOR and SEC	Central Explosive and lava overflows	Four lava fountain episodes occurred at VOR on 4^th May, 29^th August, 4^th and 10^th Sept. Strombolian activity increased at SEC and nine lava fountain episodes occurred between 11-23 Sept. producing overflows southward and lapilli and ash fallout eastward.	8.8	1.3		Calvari et al., 1989 Barberi et al., 1990
1989	24-27 September	SEC SE base of SEC 3000-2950, NE base of SEC 3000-2850.	Central and Flank Explosive and effusive	Five lava fountain episodes producing lapilli and ash fallout. Lava flow from 3000-2950 vent 2.7 km long eastward in VdB. Lava flow from 3000-2850 vent 3.3 km long eastward in VdL and VdB.	3.4	2.4		Barberi et al., 1990
1989	27 Sept-9 Oct (10)	NE flank: 2670-2550	Flank Effusive	Lava flow field eastward 8 km long in VdL and VdB reached an elevation of 1920 m. During this eruptive phase a dry fracture system NW-SE oriented developed from the base of the SEC to 1500 m a.s.l. cutting the S.P. 92 road.	26.2	3.3		Barberi et al., 1990
1990	4 Jan-2 Feb.	SEC	Central Explosive and lava overflow	Four lava fountain episodes producing overflows eastward and southward. The 4/5 January episode produced a subplinian eruption with lapilli and ash fallout on the NW flank reaching the Tyrrhenian coast from S. Stefano di Camastra to Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto. The deposit was 1.5 m thick in the proximal area and at 4.5 km of distance about 15 cm.				Calvari et al., 1991 Carveni et al., 1994
1990	27 June-July	BN	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity.				Calvari et al. 1991
1990	7-8 August	BN	Central Explosive	Strong lava fountain episode produced ash fallout on the NE flank (Vena and Presa area).				Calvari et al. 1991
1990	October-December	BN	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity with intracrater lava effusion.				Calvari et al. 1991
1991	14 December-31 March 1993 (473)	3100 NE slope of SEC SE flank: 3000-2900; 2870-2800; 2400.	Flank Effusive,	Lava flow 0.18 km long from 3100 vent northeastward. NW fissure 3.4 km long from the SEC base with three vents. Lava flow 0.63 km long eastward from the 3000-2900 vent. Lava flow 0.88 km long eastward from 2870-2800 vent. Lava flow field 8.75 km long in VdB and VC reached an elevation of 745 m and threatened Zafferana. On 27-29 May 1992 the Italian Civil Protection achieved the total diversion of the lava flow in VdB, a first time achievement anywhere in history.	231	7.6		Barberi et al., 1992 and 1993 Calvari et al., 1994 Stevens et al., 1997
1995	30 July-Dec.	BN and NEC	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity with occasionally ash emission				Coltelli et al., 1998
1995	9 Nov-23 Dec.	NEC	Central Explosive	Six strong lava fountain episodes, four of which produced a sustained column 2-6.2 km high. Lapilli and ash fallout occurred on the north, east and south flanks. Tephra fell in Siracusa 80 km south of the vent during the 9 November episode. The most intense episode of subplinian magnitude occurred on 23 December causing abundant lapilli and ash fall on the east flank to the coast (Giarre). The deposit was 7 cm thick at 6 km of distance with bombs up to 30 cm in size and 1-2 cm thick at 20 km along the coast. Many civil defense problems i.e. the halting of air and street traffic and damage to vegetation.				Bonaccorso et al., 1997 Coltelli et al., 1998
1996	21 Jan-19 August	NEC	Central Explosive and minor effusive	Four strong lava fountain episodes, one of which (25 June) produced a sustained column 2-3 km high. Ash fell on the northeast and southeast flanks to Catania. From 21 July several eruptive fissures opened on the NEC slopes produced lava flows mainly directed toward VdB and into the VOR.				Coltelli et al., 2000
1996	6 November - 26 July 1998	SEC	Central Explosive and effusive	Moderate Strombolian activity accompanied by slow lava effusion from an intracrater scoria cone, forming a lava apron on the flanks of the SEC cone.	1.2	0.25		Allard et al., 2005
1997		BN, SEC and VOR	Central Explosive	Discontinuous Strombolian activity characterized by a variable intensity. This activity resumed in the second half of July at VOR.				IIV Trimester reports, 1997
1997	19 July-29 Dec. 1998	SEC	Central Explosive and lava overflows	Small lava overflows along the slope produced by the intense Strombolian activity at the intracrater cone and by some fissures along it. Thirteen lava fountain episodes occurred between 15 September and 29 December 1998.				IIV Trimester reports, 1997
1997	25 November	BN	Central Explosive	Strong lava fountain episode. Ash fell in the upper part of the volcano.				IIV Trimester reports, 1997
1998		SEC, BN and VOR	Central Explosive	Discontinuous Strombolian activity characterized by a variable intensity. This activity ended in November at VOR and BN.				IIV Trimester reports, 1998
1998	27 March	NEC	Central Explosive	Strong lava fountain episode with lapilli and ash fallout in the upper part of the volcano.				IIV Trimester reports, 1998
1998	22 July	VOR	Central Explosive	Subplinian eruption formed a 10 km high eruptive column. Lapilli and ash fell south-southeast to Catania and Siracusa. The deposit was 4 cm thick at 4 km of distance. 1.5 kg/m² of lapilli and ash deposited in Zafferana and 120 g/m² deposited in Catania. Two rheomorphic lava flows formed flowing inside BN and the other one 1 km westward.				IIV Trimester report (July-Sept. 1998) Andronico et al., 1999
1998	6 August	VOR	Central Explosive	Strong lava fountain episode formed 2 km high column with lapilli and ash fall on the northwest flank				IIV Trimester report (July-Sept. 1998)
1998	15 September - 4 February 1999	SEC	Central explosive and effusive	Twenty-two paroxysmal eruptive episodes with lava fountains and short lava flows as well as eruption columns up to 5-6 km tall, leading to rapid growth (by 46 m) of the SEC cone.	4.41	0.39		Behncke et al., 2006
1999	4 Feb-10 Nov (279)	SEC	Central Effusive	Three lava flows partially superimposed produced by three eruptive fissures opened respectively at the SE and E base of the SEC. Lava flow fields directed southeastward in VdB reaching a maximum length of 3.7 km.	24.37	1.45		IIV Annual report, 1999 Calvari and Pinkerton, 2002
1999	August	VOR	Central Explosive	Strombolian activity resumed.				IIV Annual report, 1999
1999	4 September	VOR, BN, SEC	Central Explosive Vt=1-5 x 10⁶ m³	Subplinian episode at VOR formed a several km high eruptive column with lapilli and ash fall on the east flank to the coast (Giarre). The paroxysmal episode formed two short rheomorphic lava flows respectively 0.6 km long eastward and 0.4 km long westward. A 0.5 km long debris flow directed southward formed from the upper slope of the summit cone. The late explosive activity involved the BN too, and then an intense Strombolian activity at SEC occurred producing a short lava overflow southeastward.				IIV Annual report, 1999
1999	17 Oct-5 Nov (19)	BN	Central Effusive and minor explosive	Lava flow field produced by a series of overflows from the western rim of the BN directed westward reaching a maximum length of 7.5 km. During this period BN was characterized by an intense Strombolian activity.	16	3		IIV Annual report, 1999 Calvari and Pinkerton, 2002 Behncke et al., 2003
2000	26 Jan-29 August	SEC	Central Explosive, lava flows and overflows	Sixty-six lava fountain episodes. Paroxysmal eruptive episodes were generally preceded by lava flow emission. During the climax the eruptive columns reached a maximum height of 6 km producing lapilli and ash fall on the northeast, east and southeast flanks between Giarre and Catania, causing also some problems to road and air traffic. Lava overflows and flows generated along fractures on the cone slopes were emplaced northeast and eastward in VdB, and southward. The maximum length is about 3 km reaching Mt Centenari in VdB. From 23 February to March lava flow emission was continuous from a fracture in the south slope. Lava flows of this period reached and partially covered TdF shelter.	47	2.89		INGV Annual report, 2000 Alparone et al., 2003 Behncke et al., 2006
2000	October-November	BN	Central Explosive	Weak Strombolian activity.				INGV Annual report, 2000
2001	February -May	BN	Central Explosive	Weak Strombolian activity with occasional ash emission.				INGV Annual report, 2001
2001	21 Jan-7 May (106)	SEC	Central Effusive	Lava flow field produced by a fissure in the NE slope reaching a maximum length of 1.5 km in VdB. Strombolian activity at SEC preceded the eruption.	0.5	0.3		INGV Annual report, 2001
2001	9 May-16 July	SEC	Central Explosive and effusive	Fifteen lava fountain episodes. During the climax the eruptive columns reached a maximum height of 3 km producing lapilli and ash fall on the east and southeast flanks to Catania. Lava overflows southward and flows generated from the fracture in the NE slope emplaced in VdL and in VdB with a maximum length of about 2 km.	12	1.15		INGV Annual report, 2001
2001	17 July-9 August (23)	SE flank: 3020-2980 south base of SEC; 3100 SE slope of SEC and 3110 NE slope of SEC; 2850-2650; 2550; 2190-2060. NE flank: 2650 (VdL)	Flank Effusive and explosive from 2550 vent	NS 3020-2980 eruptive fissure formed a lava flow field, 2.8 km long in VdB reaching 1960 m of elevation. Lava flow 1.1 km long eastward from 3100 vent. Lava flow 0.7 km long eastward from 3110 vent. NNE 2850-2650 eruptive fissure formed a lava flow field divided in two branches directed southwest (3.8 km long) and southward (3 km long). From 2550 vent a main lava flow southward (3.3 km long) destroyed the cable car and the ski-lift and two minor lava flows (1.9 and 0.7 km long) eastward in VdB. NS 2190-2060 eruptive fissure formed a lava flow field southward (6.2 km long) reaching 1035 m of elevation. Lava flow cut the S.P. 92 road. Lava flow field from 2650 vent (1.9 km long) reaching 2080 m of elevation in VdB. Continuous ash emission between 20 July and 5 Aug from the 2550 vent formed a 2 km high eruptive column. Eastward lapilli and ash fallout deposit from Taormina to Catania. A large scoria cone formed at the 2550 vent (Piano del Lago). Closure of Catania airport for several days. One person was injured by blocks emitted from the 2100 vent.	48	4.7		INGV Annual report, 2001 The Research staff of the INGV-Catania, 2001 Behncke & Neri, 2003
2002	April-October	BN and NEC	Central Explosive	Weak and discontinuous Strombolian activity with occasionally ash emission				INGV Annual report, 2002
2002	27 October-4 November (8)	NE flank: 3100-2920; 2500-1900	Flank Effusive	Intense Strombolian activity formed a series of coalescent scoria cones along the 2300-1900 NE oriented segment of the eruptive fissure. Two lava flow fields were formed: 6.2 km long eastward and 2.9 km long northeastward that reached 1125 m and 1440 m of elevation respectively. Lava flows destroyed the tourist facilities of Piano Provenzana, part of the Linguaglossa pine forest and cut the Mareneve road.	10	1,9		Andronico et al., 2005
2002	27 October- 28 January 2003 (93)	S flank: 2850-2600	Flank Explosive and effusive	Intense and continuous lava fountain activity between 27 October and 10 December formed eruptive columns 1-4 km high. During this period, ash fall occurred in all directions and mainly on the eastern flank of Etna. 2.5 kg/m² of ash fell in Catania in two days (28-29 October). Ash fell over eastern Sicily and reached Calabria and Campania regions, the western coast of Greece and the coast of Libya. A decrease in the intensity of ash emission occurred from the second half of December onwards. In this period, an alternation of lava fountains and strombolian activity took place. Proximal deposits formed two coalescent scoria cones along the NS eruptive fissure at 2750 and 2800 m of elevation that covered Torre del Filosofo shelter. The persistent ash fall caused extensive loss to the economy of eastern Sicily because of the prolonged closure of Catania and Reggio Calabria airports, and damage to the cultivated areas. Discontinuous effusive activity formed a 4.2-km-long lava flow field south and southwestward. Lava flow cut the S.P. 92 road and destroyed a facility and a restaurant in the Rifugio Sapienza area where a phreatic burst injured fifty-nine people on 16 December.	28	2.64		Andronico et al., 2005 Andronico et al., 2008
2004	7 September 8 March 2005 (182)	E flank: 2920; 2620; 2320 (VdB)	Flank effusive	From 2920 m vent 200 m-long lava flow eastward. Effusive activity at the 2620 and 2320 m vents produced a wide and 6 km-long lava flow field in VdB.	60	2.3		Burton et al., 2005 Neri & Acocella, 2006
2006	14-24 July (10)	SEC	Central effusive and explosive	Two effusive vents opened on the eastern slope of the SEC producing a lava flow 3.1 km-long eastward in VdB. Strombolian activity formed a small scoria cone on the eastern slope of the SEC.				Neri et al., 2006
2006	31 August-15 December (106)	SEC	Central explosive and effusive	About 20 eruptive episodes at SEC summit and several vents at 3050 m to the SW, at 3180 m to the W, and 2800 m to the SE as well as on the SE flank of the SEC. Lavas are emitted mainly from the 2800 m vent reaching up to 4.5 km length. Some episodes are relatively explosive and produce significant tephra plumes (e.g., 16 and 24 November)	20			Behncke et al., 2008 Behncke, 2009 Andronico et al. 2009a, Andronico et al., 2009b
2007	29 March - 7 May	SEC	Central explosive and effusive	4 paroxysmal eruptive episodes (29 March, 11 and 19 April, 7 May). Lava flows expanded mainly to the SE, up to 3.6 km long.	5			Falsaperla et al., 2014 Acocella et al., 2016
2007	15 August - 10 May 2008	SEC	Central explosive and effusive	Ash emissions started 15 August and passed into Strombolian activity around 20 August and eventually into the first of three paroxysmal eruptive episodes, on 4-5 September. Two further paroxysms occurred on 23-24 November and on 10 May 2008. The latest of these produced an unusually long (6.2 km) lava flow.	8.4	2		Andronico et al., 2008 Acocella et al., 2016 Behncke et al., 2016
2008	13 May - 6 July 2009 (419)	E flank (VdB): 2650-3050	Flank effusive (with minor Strombolian activity)	The first phase of eruption occurred from a fissure below the E flank of the NEC with fire-fountaining and rheomorphic lava flows, followed by opening of a new fissure between 2900 and 2650 m, where Strombolian and effusive activity take place. Lava advances up to 6.5 km into Valle del Bove. Explosive activity diminished after mid-July but resumed briefly in early March 2009. Lava effusion continues at diminishing rates until the night of 5-6 July 2009.	75	5.23		Sciotto et al., 2013 Behncke et al, 2016
2011	2 January - 16 May 2015	SEC, BN, VOR	Summit explosive and effusive	Series of about 50 episodes of lava fountaining or intense Strombolian activity at the SEC, with lava flows mainly to the S, SE and E, which built a new cone ("New Southeast Crater") on the SE flank of the SEC, mainly between 11 January 2011 and 24 April 2012, 19 February and 27 April 2013, 26 October and 29 December 2013). Heavy tephra falls caused problems to ground and air traffic in areas lying downwind, and several times car windshields, rooftiles and skylights were broken. In one case, on 23 November 2013, several persons were injured by unusually large scoria clasts in areas 5-6 km from the SEC. Various episodes of Strombolian-effusive activity from the SEC in 2014 and 2015, and one paroxysm on 28 December 2014. Strombolian activity occurred periodically at the BN and VOR, and ash emissions from NEC in this period.	>100	6		Behncke et al. 2014 Behncke et al., 2016 De Beni et al., 2015 Acocella et al., 2016 Corsaro et al., 2017
2014	5 July - 10 August	E flank of NEC	Subterminal explosive and effusive	Very mild activity starts from a small vent on 5 July, at 3000 m, on the E slope of the NEC, and gradually increases in intensity over the following three weeks. A second vent opens on 25 m at 3090 m, a few tens of m to the W of the former, producing powerful Strombolian explosions and lava flows, which advance about 3 km toward the N part of the Valle del Bove. This activity is likely linked to the nearby SEC, which starts erupting again on 10 August	6	0.8		Corsaro et al., 2017
2015	19 October - 8 December	VOR, SEC	Summit explosive and effusive	Following sporadic ash emissions since August, Strombolian activity started at the VOR on 19 October, and then gradually increased. 4 paroxysmal eruptive episodes on 2-3 December, 4 December (twice), and 5 December at the Voragine, followed by Strombolian-effusive activity at the SEC (6-8 December).	2.5	0.7		Bonaccorso & Calvari, 2017 Corsaro et al., 2017
2016	17-25 May (8)	VOR, NEC	Summit explosive and effusive	Strombolian activity at the NEC on 17 May was followed the next day by a paroxysmal eruptive episode at the VOR, lava overflows to the W, and opening of new vents on the N flank of the NEC and to the E of the VOR. Further paroxysms with overflows to W occur on 19 and 21 May, interspersed with intense Strombolian activity at the NEC. The last episode of strong Strombolian activity occurred at the VOR on 24-25 May.	4.7	1.38		Edwards et al., 2018 Ganci et al., 2019
2017	20 January - 27 April	SEC	Summit explosive and effusive	6 episodes of effusive activity from the SEC and fissures on its S flank (and during the last episode, on its N flank), with intense Strombolian activity except for the 3rd and 4th episodes. An explosion caused by lava-snow interaction at about 2 km SE of the SEC caused mostly light injuries and burns to 10 persons, and a skull fracture in one person.	11.3			Cappello et al., 2019 De Beni et al., 2019 Viccaro et al., 2019
2018	mid-June - 24 December	SEC, BN, NEC	Summit explosive and effusive	Intermittent intra-crater Strombolian activity at the BNa was followed by sporadic explosive activity from the NEC in the summer; on 23 August Strombolian and effusive activity started at the SEC, and continued from two alternating vents until late on the 28th. While activity continued at the Bocca Nuova and at the NEC, Strombolian activity resumed at the SEC in November, and intensified at the end of the month with slow lava effusion from its eastern vent. This activity generated a fan-shaped lava field on the E flank of the SEC, and a small cone at the eastern vent. Activity abruptly stopped at the onset of the 24 December 2018 flank eruption.	2			Cappello et al., 2019 Gambino et al., 2019
2018	24-27 December (3)	SE flank 2400-3000	Flank explosive and effusive	Opening of new vents at the SE base of the SEC with lava fountaining, followed by propagation of eruptive fissures across the W rim of VdB down to 2400 m, and brief, minor activity from vents on the NE flank of the SEC. Lava flows extended to the bottom of VdB to about 4.5 km distance.	3	0.88		Bonaccorso & Giampiccolo, 2020 Calvari et al., 2020
2019	May 2019 - 16 February 2021	SEC, VOR, BN, NEC	Summit explosive and effusive	Three eruptive episodes from the SEC (29 May - 4 June, 18-20 July, and 27-28 July 2019), intermittent activity at the BN; increased Strombolian activity at the NEC in early September 2019 is followed by the reactivation of the VOR (12 September), where Strombolian and effusive activity built a new intracrater cone, and lava flows into the BC. This activity continued through May 2020; since April 2020 the SEC was again intermittently active, and the NEC reactivated in late summer. Three modest paroxysmal episodes at the SEC (13-14, 21 and 22 December 2020) were followed by the resumption of Strombolian-effusive activity at the VOR, and in early 2021 all four summit craters were active, with Strombolian activity from multiple vents and sporadic intracrater and external lava emission.	5			De Beni et al., 2020 D'Oriano et al., 2022 Pioli et al., 2022
2021	16 February - 21 February 2022	SEC	Summit explosive and effusive	54 major and several minor paroxysmal eruptive episodes from multiple vents at the SEC, with lava emission from two main areas toward SW and SE, and minor to E and NE. Heavy tephra falls often led to disruptions of ground and air traffic, and distress in populated areas lying downwind, mostly in the eastern and southeastern sectors of Etna. In one case, on 28 February 2021, a wildfire was started on the northern rim of the Valle del Bove by the fall of incandescent tephra. The SEC cone was built up significantly, reaching more than 3350 m elevation in June 2021, and becoming the highest point on Etna.	75	5.8	30	Calvari & Nunnari, 2022 Calvari et al., 2022 Ganci et al., 2023 Proietti et al., 2023
2022	12 May - 15 June (34)	SEC, VdB 1900-1980	Summit and flank explosive and effusive	Strombolian activity and lava emission from vents and fissures on the NE flank of the SEC followed by lava emission from vents at the NE base of the SEC, at 2850 and 2730 m. On 7-8 June and 10-12 June, very small volumes of lava were extruded from fissures on the Valle del Bove floor, at the base of the northern wall of the Valle del Bove.	5			INGV-OE weekly bulletins
2022	27 November - 5 February 2023 (70)	SEC	Subterminal effusive	Slow lava emission from a cluster of closely-spaced effusive vents at about 2800-2900 m at the NE base of the SEC. A compound lava flow-field grows toward the base of the NW slope of the Valle del Bove, reaching 2050 m elevation	5	0.96		INGV-OE monthly and weekly bulletins
2023	21 May - 1 December	SEC	Summit explosive and effusive	4 paroxysmal eruptive episodes (21 May, 13-14 August, 12 November, and 1 December 2023), the latter two preceded by several weeks of mild Strombolian activity.	7			INGV-OE monthly and weekly bulletins
2024	14 June - 15 August (32)	VOR, NEC, SEC	Summit explosive and effusive	6 paroxysmal eruptive episodes (4, 7, 15 and 22-23 July, and 4 and 14-15 August) from the VOR, accompanied by sporadic minor explosive activity at the NEC and SEC	6.5	1.7	10	INGV-OE monthly and weekly bulletins

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