Carta delle eruzioni di epoca storica dell’Etna, scala 1:100.000
La carta delle eruzioni di epoca storica dell'Etna, alla scala 1:100.000, (clicca su questo link per scaricare il pdf), è stata pubblicata nel 2015 nel libro: Il disegno delle eruzioni storiche dell'Etna. Percorsi iconografici dal XVII secolo ad oggi a cura di T. Abate & S. Branca. Edizioni Caracol, Palermo. ISBN: 978-88-98546-29-9
Il lavoro scientifico che descrive la storia eruttiva dell'Etna in epoca storica è consultabile presso:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027317302676
http://www.earth-prints.org/
Branca S., Abate T. (2019) Current knowledge of Etna’s flank eruptions (Italy) occurring over the past 2500 years. From the iconographies of the XVII century to modern geological cartography. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 385, 159-178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.11.004
Carta vulcano-tettonica del vulcano Etna, scala 1:100.000
La nuova mappa vulcanotettonica dell'Etna, alla scala 1:100.000 (clicca su questo link per scaricare il pdf) , è stata pubblicata nel 2012 sull’Italian Journal of Geosciences la rivista ufficiale della Società Geologica Italiana e del Servizio Geologico d'Italia, in cui sono presentati tutti gli elementi di natura vulcano-tettonica e tettonica dell'Etna.
Il lavoro scientifico che descrive i dati strutturali, morfotettonici e vulcanotettonici è consultabili presso:
https://www.italianjournalofgeosciences.it/297/article-83/the-volcano-tectonic-map-of-etna-volcano-1-100-000-scale-an-integrated-approach-based-on-a-morphotectonic-analysis-from-high-resolution-dem-constrained-by-geologic-active-faulting-and-seismotectonic-data.html
http://www.earth-prints.org/
Azzaro R., Branca S., Gwinner K., Coltelli M. (2012) The volcano-tectonic map of Etna volcano, 1:100.000 scale: an integrated approach based on a morphotectonic analysis from high-resolution DEM constrained by geologic, active faulting and seismotectonic data. Ital. J. Geosci., 131 (1), 153-170. https://doi.org/10.3301/IJG.2011.29
Database of Etna’s historical eruptions - Table 1
Eruptions from 6th century BC to XVI century AD recognised in the geological and historical records (updated from Branca et al., 2011).
Date or age from: (#) Del Carlo et al. (2004); (*) Guidoboni et al. (2014); (**) Branca and Vigliotti (2015); (°) Branca et al. (2015); (^) Tanguy et al. (2012); (§) Speranza et al. (2006); (§§) Magli et al. (2024).
For 122 BC eruption (***): Coltelli et al. (1998), Bisson and Del Carlo (2013) and Micallef et al. (2016).
The acronyms in brackets in the first column are from Branca et al. (2011) geological map.
|
Eruption
|
Date or age
|
Fissure location and description
|
Description of the products
|
|
1579
|
19 Sept.-?*
|
SE flank - Buried
|
The lava flow is buried.
|
|
1566
|
1 Nov.-?*
|
N flank
Three segments, oriented from NE-SW to NNE-SSW, formed by spatter ramparts located at 1250-1350 m, 1370-1400 m and 1950-2000 m a.s.l.
|
The eruptive fissures produced several small lava flows north-eastward. From the 1250-1350 vent a 5 km long lava flow reached an elevation of 570 m at “Jannazzo” locality close to the Alcantara River.
|
|
1537
|
10-22 May*
|
S flank
Several segments oriented NNE-SSW from 1780 to 1840 m a.s.l. formed by spatter ramparts and small scoria cones
|
The lava flow southward reached an elevation of 450 m destroying many houses of Nicolosi and Monpilieri. A collapse of the summit crater produced ash fall in south-eastern Sicily and north-eastward to Calabria at the end of eruption.
|
|
1536
|
23 March-10 or 15 April*
|
S flank
Eruptive fissure, NNE-SSW oriented, formed by spatter ramparts located between 1550 m and 1410 m a.s.l.
|
Different lava flows south and south-westward reached an elevation of 960 m close to Ragalna. During the eruption ash fall occurred along the eastern flank up to Calabria and falling bombs killed one person close to the vents. The formation of a lahar was reported in the sources.
|
|
1502
|
1502-07?*
|
Summit Crater
|
Lava flows from the summit crater.
|
|
1453
|
1453 or 54?*
|
Summit Crater
|
Explosive event that caused pyroclastic fallout in NE Sicily and in Calabria.
|
|
1447
|
21 Sept.*
|
Summit Crater
|
Lava flows from the summit crater.
|
|
1446
|
25 Sept.-?*
|
E flank - buried
|
The lava flow is located at the Valle del Bove mouth close to Zafferana town where the frontal portion is located at 520 m a.s.l.
|
|
1444
|
*
|
S flank - buried
|
The lava flow is buried.
|
|
1408
|
9-20 November*
|
S flank - buried
|
The lava flow destroyed Pedara village and the surrounding cultivated lands. Ash fall occurred during the eruption north-eastward close to Messina.
|
|
1381
|
6 August- ?*
|
S flank - buried
|
The lava flow is buried.
|
|
1329
|
28 June-July?*
|
E flank
Large scoria cone (Mt Rosso) located at 520 m a.s.l.
|
Wide lava flow eastward caused damage to the cultivated lands of Acireale reaching a minimum elevation of 240 m a.s.l. Maximum lava flow length is 5.6 km. During the eruption intense ash emission from the summit crater produced ash fall in the south-eastern flank up to Malta.
|
|
Rifugio Mt Maletto (rm)
|
1350±50^
|
W flank
|
The lava flow is located in the west flank reaching a minimum elevation of 1460 m a.s.l.
|
|
1285
|
February*
|
E flank - buried
|
The lava flow caused damage both to the cultivated areas and the forests of the lower east flank surrounding the Byzantine church of Saint Stephen at Dagala locality. The most distal lava front is located close to Macchia village at 150 m a.s.l.
|
|
Montarello (lq)
|
1270±20^
|
S flank
Small scoria cone located at 900 m a.s.l.
|
Short lava flow reached a minimum elevation of 640 m a.s.l. Maximum lava flow length is 3.0 km.
|
|
Mt Nero degli Zappini (za)
|
1250±20^
|
SW flank
Eruptive fissure, oriented NNE-SSW, formed by spatter ramparts and by the scoria cone of Mt Nero degli Zappini located between 1800 m and 2000 m a.s.l.
|
The lava flow reached a minimum elevation of 1325 m a.s.l. Maximum lava flow length is 3.7 km.
|
|
N14 tephra
|
1290-1460 AD#
|
?
|
Alternation of coarse and fine ash beds.
|
|
Casa Costarelli (tl)
|
1250±20^
|
S flank
Eruptive fissure, oriented NNE-SSW, formed by spatter ramparts located between 1910 m and 1990 m a.s.l.
|
The lava flow located at Piano Vetore locality in the south flank is almost buried.
|
|
Mt Forno (of)
|
1200±30^
1148–1259§
|
W flank
Eruptive fissure, NE-SW oriented, located at 1550 m a.s.l. constituted by a large scoria cone (Mt Forno).
|
Long lava flow reached a minimum elevation of 510 m close to Adrano. Explosive activity produced a pyroclastic fall deposit around the vent. Maximum lava flow length is 9.2 km.
|
|
Linguaglossa (li)
|
1180±30^
1096–1226§
|
NE flank
Eruptive fissure composed by small spatter ramparts subdivided in two segments, both NE-SW oriented, and located at 1160-1380 m a.s.l.
|
Long lava flow reached the minimum elevation of 475 m a.s.l. at Linguaglossa. Maximum lava flow length is 8.7 km.
|
|
Mt Arsi di S. Maria (sm)
|
1160±20^
953–1229§
1224*
|
S flank
Eruptive fissure formed by two segments, NNW-SSE oriented, located between 460 m and 360 m a.s.l. formed by spatter ramparts.
|
Long lava flow reached the coast at Guardia and Ognina localities. Maximum lava flow length is 8.5 km.
|
|
Mt Arso ovest (ar)
|
1150±30^
|
W flank
Eruptive fissure formed by a small scoria cone at 1450 m a.s.l. (Mt Arso).
|
Large lava flow reached the minimum elevation of 1140 m a.s.l.. Maximum lava flow length is 3.5 km.
|
|
Galvarina (gl)
|
1120±30^
|
W flank - buried
|
Small lava flow reached the minimum elevation of 1640 m a.s.l.
|
|
Mt Gallo (lw)
|
1060±50^
910–990§
|
W flank
Eruptive fissure, ENE-WSW oriented, located between 1500 m and 1600 m a.s.l. formed by Mt Testa and Mt Gallo scoria cones.
|
Wide and long lava flow reached the minimum elevation of 400 m a.s.l. close to Adrano. Maximum lava flow length 9.9 km.
|
|
Mt Ilice (mi)
|
1030±40^
898–1106§
|
E flank
Eruptive fissure formed by the huge scoria cone of Mt Ilice located at 700 m a.s.l..
|
Wide and long lava field reached the Ionian coast between Pozzillo and Stazzo villages. Maximum lava flow length is 10.2 km.
|
|
Scorciavacca (sr)
|
1020±40^
947–1034§
|
NE flank
Eruptive fissure, E-W oriented, formed by spatter ramparts, located at 850-900 m a.s.l.
|
Wide lava flow reached a minimum elevation of 80 m a.s.l. Maximum lava flow length is 5.4 km.
|
|
Mt Sona (oh)
|
1000±50^
936–1056§
|
SW flank
Eruptive fissure, NNE-SSW oriented, formed by spatter ramparts located at 1250 m a.s.l. in the Mt Sona southern slope.
|
Long lava flow reached a minimum elevation of 275 m a.s.l. close to Paternò town. Maximum lava flow length is 11.4 km.
|
|
Mt Rinatu (ri) N13 tephra
|
1000±50^
|
NE flank
Eruptive fissure is formed by a large scoria cone (Mt Rinatu) located at 1600 m a.s.l. and by spatter rampart in the inner northern wall of Valle del Bove
|
Short lava flow located along the Torrente Pietracannone gully reaching a minimum elevation of 1000 m a.s.l.. Maximum lava flow length is 3.7 km. The eruption also produced a poorly sorted scoria fall deposit.
|
|
Murazzo Rotto (vt)
|
950±30^
916–995§
|
NW flank
Eruptive fissure, NNW-SSE oriented, formed by a small scoria cone at 1550 m a.s.l. and by spatter rampart at 1450 m a.s.l.
|
Wide and long lava flow reaching the Alcantara river close to Randazzo that produced a main lava dam of the river and the formation of Gurrida quagmire. Maximum lava flow length is 9.5 km.
|
|
Serra del Monte (el)
|
950±50^
|
NW flank - buried
|
Lava flow reached a minimum elevation of 1200 m a.s.l. uphill of Maletto.
|
|
Casa Scandurra (sy)
|
850±40°
|
SE flank
Eruptive fissure formed small spatter ramparts located at 1800 m a.s.l. in the southern slope of the Valle del Bove.
|
Long lava flow almost covered reached a minimum elevation of 700 m a.s.l. close to Fleri.
|
|
Millicucco (ml)
|
700±100°
|
NE flank - Buried
|
Wide lava flow partially covered reaching a minimum elevation of 450 m a.s.l. uphill of Piedimonte.
|
|
Gallinara (gx)
|
700±80^
|
S flank - Buried
|
Lava flow almost covered reached a minimum elevation of 750 m a.s.l. close to Nicolosi
|
|
Primoti (ix)
|
700±50^
|
SE flank - Buried
|
Lava flow almost covered reached a minimum elevation of 350 m a.s.l. close to Santa Venerina
|
|
N12 tephra
|
660-900 AD#
|
|
Poorly sorted, reversed graded scoria fall deposit
|
|
Mt Solfizio (fs)
|
550±50^
522–914§
|
SE flank
Eruptive fissure formed by a small scoria cone (Mt Solfizio) located at 1800 m a.s.l. in the southern slope of the Valle del Bove.
|
Long lava flow reached a minimum elevation of 300 m a.s.l. close to Linera. Maximum lava flow length is 10.3 km.
|
|
Due Monti (dm)
|
500±50°
|
NE flank - Buried
|
Wide lava flow partially covered reaching a minimum elevation of 460 m a.s.l. uphill of Piedimonte.
|
|
Fossa della Nave (ty)
|
500±50^
|
S flank
Eruptive fissure formed by small coalescent scoria cones, located at 1650-1700 m a.s.l, covered by the 1983 lava flow.
|
Short lava flow southward almost covered uphill Mt Manfrè.
|
|
Bronte (nt)
|
450±50^
|
W flank - Buried
|
Lava flow almost covered, reaching the Simeto riverbed close to Bronte town.
|
|
P.zza S. Alfio (io)
|
450±40^
90–501§
|
S flank - Buried
|
Lava flow field partially covered reaching the minimum elevation of 450 m a.sl. close to Trecastagni.
|
|
S. G. La Punta (sq)
|
350±50^
|
S flank - Buried
|
Wide lava flow partially covered reaching a minimum elevation of 310 m a.s.l. between San G. La Punta and Aci S. Antonio.
|
|
Albero Bianco (ab)
|
350±100^
|
W flank - Buried
|
Lava flow almost covered reaching the minimum elevation of 1590 m a.s.l.
|
|
Monpeloso (mp)
|
300±100^
90–391§
|
S flank
Eruptive fissure, N-S oriented, formed by the large scoria cone of Monpeloso, located at 850 m a.s.l., and by spatter ramparts at 750-800 m a.s.l.
|
Lava flow reaching a minimum elevation of 430 m a.s.l. between Mascalucia and Tremestieri. Maximum lava flow length is 6.0 km.
|
|
Rifugio Mt Palestra (fp)
|
250±100^
|
W flank
Eruptive fissure, E-W oriented, composed by hornitos located at 1950 m a.s.l. on the Mt Palestra slope.
|
Short lava flow reaching a minimum elevation of 1390 m a.s.l. Maximum lava flow length is 4.1 km.
|
|
Caselle
|
100 AD^
+310–360
200 BC^ ±200
|
E flank - Buried
|
Lava flow almost totally covered.
|
|
Mt Rifugio Galvarina (rg)
|
250 AD – 160 BC°
|
W flank
Eruptive fissure, ENE-WSW oriented, constituted by several spatter ramparts located at 1900 m a.s.l..
|
Short lava flow partially covered reaching a minimum elevation of 1470 m a.s.l..
|
|
Piano delle Ginestre (gi)
|
250 AD – 160 BC°
|
W flank - Buried
|
Lava flow partially covered reaching a minimum elevation of 740 m a.s.l.
|
|
Cisterna (nr)
|
250 AD – 160 BC°
|
W flank - Buried
|
Lava flow partially covered reaching a minimum elevation of 1160 m a.s.l.
|
|
Vipera (rr)
|
250 AD – 160 BC°
|
W flank - Buried
|
Short lava flow partially covered reaching a minimum elevation of 1310 m a.s.l.
|
|
Bocche Vituddi (bv)
|
250 AD – 160 BC°
|
W flank
Eruptive fissure, NE-SW oriented, located at 1000 m a.s.l. formed by a small scoria cone.
|
Short lava flow reaching a minimum elevation of 1270 m a.s.l. Maximum lava flow length is 4.6 km.
|
|
Poggio la Caccia (pc)
|
250 AD – 160 BC°
|
W flank
Eruptive fissure, E-W oriented, composed by a scoria cone located at 1900 m a.s.l.
|
Wide lava flow partially covered.
|
|
N11 tephra
|
<10 BC-380 AD#
|
Summit Crater
|
Coarse scoria lapilli fall dispersed SE.
|
|
FV tephra
|
10 BC-380 AD#
|
Summit Crater
|
Subplinian eruption produced a coarse, lapilli scoria fall deposit with the main dispersal toward ESE.
|
|
FF tephra
|
44 BC*
|
Summit Crater
|
Sub-Plinian eruption produced a fine lapilli and ash fall deposit on NNE flank.
|
|
FG tephra
|
122 BC***
|
Summit Crater
|
Plinian eruption that formed the Cratere del Piano summit caldera. Lapilli fell on the SSE flank as far as Catania, and ash fall occurred at Priolo (SR). Cryptotephra layer recovered in marine cores on the Malta Plateau (Mediterranean Sea). Huge damage to cultivated lands and villages on Etna flanks. Damage in Catania was so extensive, that the population was exempted for 10 years from paying taxes. Pyroclastic flows affected the S flank. Volume of the deposits on land 0.42 km3, 1 km3 considering fallout deposit up to Malta.
|
|
S12 tephra
|
<150 BC^ ±200
|
?
|
Scoria fall deposit composed of black, fine lapilli exposed only at Mt Salto del Cane outcrop.
|
|
N10 tephra
|
<122 BC#
|
Flank
|
Poorly sorted scoria fall, recorded in few sections and probably produced from an eruption of a lateral scoria cone.
|
|
N9 tephra
|
<122 BC#
|
Summit Crater
|
Scoria fall deposit, normally graded and dispersed eastward.
|
|
Mt Salto del Cane (sd)
S11 tephra
|
150 BC^ ±200
|
S flank
Eruptive fissure, N-S oriented, located at 1400 m a.s.l. formed by the scoria cone of Mt Salto del Cane.
|
Wide and long lava flow reaching a minimum elevation of 280 m a.s.l. close to S. Maria la Stella. Maximum lava flow length is 11.7 km. Scoria fall deposit dispersed SE.
|
|
Mt Minardo (mm)
|
160 BC° +190-170
|
W flankEruptive fissure, NE-SW oriented, located at 1100 m a.s.l. composed by the huge scoria cone of Mt Minardo.
|
Wide and long lava flow reaching the Simeto river that produced a main lava dam of the river. Maximum lava flow length is 9.0 km. Explosive activity produced a pyroclastic fall deposit around the vent.
|
|
Monpilieri (ir)
|
200 BC^ ±200
|
S flankEruptive fissure formed by the large scoria cone of Mompilieri located at 550-600 m a.s.l.
|
Lava flow partially covered reaching a minimum elevation of 300 m a.s.l. close to Gravina di Catania. Maximum lava flow length is 5.9 km
|
|
Mt Ruvolo (rv)
|
240 BC°+350-310
|
W flankEruptive fissure, E-W oriented, constituted by the huge scoria cone of Mt Ruvolo located at 1350 m a.s.l..
|
Wide and long lava flow reaching the Simeto river. Maximum lava flow length is 9.1 km.
|
|
Cardillo (ll)
|
420 BC° +370-320
|
N flank
Eruptive fissure formed by a large scoria cone located E of Mt Spagnolo, at 1450 m a.s.l.
|
Wide lava flow reaching a minimum elevation of 740 m a.s.l. close to Randazzo. Maximum lava flow length is 5.8 km
|
|
Mt Gorna (mg)
|
≈500 BC^
1520-120 BC§§
|
S flank
Eruptive fissure formed by the large scoria cone of Mt Gorna located at 700 m a.s.l.
|
Wide and long lava flow reaching the coast between Stazzo and S. Tecla. Maximum lava flow length is 10 km.
|
References:
Bisson M, Del Carlo P (2013) A GIS-based application to volume estimation and spatial distribution analysis of tephra fallout: the 122 BC Etna eruption case study. Annals of Geophysics, 56, 1, https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-6144
Branca S, Coltelli M, Groppelli G, Lentini F (2011) Geological map of Etna volcano, 1:50,000 scale. Ital. J. Geosci., 130 (3), 265-291, https://doi.org/10.3301/IJG.2011.15
Branca S, Condomines M, Tanguy JC (2015) Flank eruptions of Mt Etna during the Greek-Roman and Early Medieval periods: new data from 226Ra-230Th dating and archaeomagnetism. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 304, 265–271. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.09.002
Branca, S, Vigliotti L (2015) Finding of an historical document describing an eruption in the NW flank of Etna in July 1643 AD: timing, location and volcanic products. Bull. Volcanol., 77:95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-015-0979-y
Coltelli M, Del Carlo P, Vezzoli L (1998) The discovery of a Plinian basaltic eruption of Roman age at Mt. Etna. Geology, vol.26,1095-1098,ISSN: 0091-7613, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026%3C1095:DOAPBE%3E2.3.CO;2
Del Carlo P, Vezzoli L, Coltelli M (2004) Last 100 ka tephrostratigraphic record of Mount Etna. In: "Mt. Etna: Volcano Laboratory" A. Bonaccorso, S. Calvari, M. Coltelli, C. Del Negro, S. Falsaperla (Eds), AGU Geophysical Monograph Series volume 143, 77-89. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/143GM06
Guidoboni E, Ciuccareli C, Mariotti D, Comastri A, Bianchi GB (2014) L’Etna nella Storia. In: Catalogo delle eruzioni dall’antichità alla fine del XVII secolo. Bononia University Press, Bologna.
Magli A, Speranza F, Branca S, Corsaro RA, Coltelli M, Malaguti AB, Giordano G (2024) Testing paleomagnetic dating on pre‐historic flank eruptions from SE slope of Etna Volcano. Journal of Geophysical Research: SolidEarth, 129, e2023JB028314. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JB028314
Micallef A, Georgiopouloub A, Mountjoy J, Huvenne VAI, Lo Iacono C, Le Bas T, Del Carlo P, Cunarro Otero D (2016) Outer shelf seafloor geomorphology along a carbonate escarpment: The eastern Malta Plateau, Mediterranean Sea, Continental Shelf Research, 131, 12-27, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2016.11.002
Tanguy JC, Condomines M, Branca S, La Delfa S, Coltelli M (2012) New archeomagnetic and 226Ra-230Th dating of recent lavas for the Geological map of Etna volcano. Ital. J. Geosci., 131 (2), 241-257. https://doi.org/10.3301/IJG.2012.01
Speranza F, Branca S, Coltelli M, D’Ajello Caracciolo F, Vigliotti L (2006) How accurate is “paleomagnetic dating”? New evidence from historical lavas from Mt Etna. J. Geoph. Res., 111, B12S33, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004496
Citation:
Branca S., Del Carlo P., Behncke B., Bonfanti P. (2024) Database of Etna’s historical eruptions. INGV Ufficio Dati, https://doi.org/COMPLETARE
Database of Etna’s historical eruptions - Table 2
Eruptions from XVII century AD to the present (updated from Branca and Del Carlo, 2005). CC = Central Crater; BN=Bocca Nuova; VOR=Voragine; NEC=North East Crater; SEC=South East Crater; VdB=Valle del Bove; VdL=Valle del Leone; VC=Val Calanna; TdF=Torre del Filosofo; Data of LV=lava volume (x 106 m3) and LA=covered area for flank eruption are from Behncke et al. (2005); *Branca et al. (2013); ** Branca et al. (2017); ^Corsaro et al (2021). Data of TV=tephra volume (x 106 m3) for summit explosive eruptions from Sources References.
|
Eruption
Year
|
Period
(duration in days)
|
Vent location and elevation
(m a.s.l.)
|
Type of eruption
|
Description of the eruption
|
LV
(x106 m3)
|
LA
(km2)
|
TV
(x106m3)
|
Sources
References
|
|
1603 january
|
1610 may
|
CC
|
Central
Effusive and explosive
|
Long period of discontinuous summit eruptive activity characterized by intense explosive activity with ash emission that produced fallout on Etna region and in eastern Sicily and long lasting emission of lava flows that reached Piano del Lago locality (2550 m) and the upper west and east slopes.
|
|
|
|
Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
|
|
1607
|
14 Feb-3 May
|
SW Flank
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Short lava flow field (4.2 km long) in the southwestern flank. Damage to pine forest of Adrano territory.
|
|
|
|
Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
|
|
1607
|
28 June-?
|
N Flank
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Short lava flows (4.5 km long) in the upper northern slope
|
|
|
|
Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
|
|
1610
|
3 May-13 July
|
SW Flank: 1950-2350
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Eruptive fissure, ENE-WSW oriented, formed by two segments located at 1950-2350 m a.s.l. composed by small coalescent scoria cones, and at 2270 m a.s.l. by spatter ramparts. Wide and long lava flow south-westward caused destruction of the forest and to the cultivated lands of Adrano reaching an elevation of 770 m. Maximum lava flow length is 11 km.
|
90
|
6.7
|
|
Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
|
|
1614
|
1 July- 1624?
|
N Flank: 2490
|
Flank
Effusive
|
A wide and 6.5 km long lava flow field north and northwestward reached an elevation of 975 m causing destruction to the forests. Along the fissure, most of which is buried under more recent lava flows, two large hornitos, named Due Pizzi, were formed.
|
1069
|
21.4
|
|
Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
|
|
1634
|
19 December- June 1636
|
SE Flank: 2090-1975
|
Flank
Effusive
|
From the NNW-SSE eruptive fissure, which is marked by spatter ramparts and hornitos, a large lava flow field 9.3 km long divided in two branches was emitted. One southward reached an elevation of 975 m and the other southeastward reached an elevation of 430 m, causing the destruction of houses in Fleri and damage to cultivated areas.
|
202.8
|
13.5
|
|
Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
|
|
1643
|
February
|
NE Flank
|
Flank effusive
|
Short lava flow in the upper NE flank.
|
|
|
|
Vincenzo Macrì in Recupero, 1815
|
|
1643
|
18–28 July (10)
|
NW Flank:
2850–2250
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Eruptive fissure formed by two segments, NW-SE oriented, located at 2850–2250 m a.s.l. Short lava flow north-westward reaching an elevation of 1690 m. Maximum lava flow length is 2.7 km.
|
3-4
|
1
|
|
Contemporaneous source in Branca and Vigliotti, 2015
|
|
1646
|
20 Nov.-17
Jan. 1647
(58)
|
NE Flank: 1950
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Intense Strombolian activity formed Mt Nero scoria cone. A wide and 6.4 km long northeastward lava flow field reached an elevation of 670 m causing damage to cultivated areas of Castiglione di Sicilia.
|
153.4
|
10.2
|
|
Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
|
|
1651
|
January-December 1654
|
W Flank: 1800
|
Flank
Effusive
|
WNW-ESE eruptive fissure with spatter ramparts produced a wide and 12.7 km long lava flow field westward that threatened Bronte destroying the neighborhood of San Silvestro and reaching the elevation of 630 m. The lava flows destroyed some farmhouses causing damage to cultivated areas.
|
474.8
|
23.7
|
|
Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
|
|
1669
|
11 March-11 July
(122)
|
S Flank: 950-700
|
Flank
Effusive and explosive
|
Dry fracture system, about N-S oriented, from Mt Frumento Supino (2800 m a.s.l.) to Piano di San Leo (1050 m a.s.l.) and along the eastern base of the summit cone up to the Valle del Leone (2650 m a.s.l.). Eruptive fissure, NNW-SSE oriented, formed by several segments between about 950 m and 700 m a.s.l. composed by small spatter ramparts and by the huge scoria cone of Mt Rossi at 800 m a.s.l. Intense long-lasting fire fountain activity from the main vent produced a widespread pyroclastic deposit in the lower SE flank that caused the temporary loss of cultivated land and damage to houses in several towns. Limited collapses of the rims of the summit cone occurred both at the beginning and at the end of the eruption.
Large and 17 km-long lava flow southward reached the coast destroying the towns\villages of Guardia, Malpasso, Camporotondo, Potieli, S. Pietro, Misterbianco, Monpilieri, Fallichi, Plache, S.G. Galermo and the westward part of Catania town causing huge damage to the cultivated lands.
|
607*
|
40*
|
|
Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
|
|
1682
|
September-?
|
E Flank: base of the summit cone?
|
Flank (?)
Effusive
|
Lava flows eastward in VdB reached the Rocca Musarra (1600 m).
|
|
|
|
Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
|
|
1683
|
25 April-1 May
|
CC
|
Central explosive
|
Intense explosive activity with ash emission that caused fallout in the east flank and in Acireale on 28/29 April
|
|
|
|
Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
|
|
1687 end of December
|
1688 September
|
CC
|
Central
Effusive
|
Discontinuous emission of lava flows eastward in VdB.
|
|
|
|
Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
|
|
1689
|
14 March-April?
|
E Flank: (buried)
|
Flank
Effusive
|
A long lava flow field eastward reached an elevation of 210 m and threatened Macchia and caused destruction to forests and damage to cultivated areas. Five people were injured and two killed on 19 March by the lava flow in the forest close to Mt Cagliato. During the eruption explosive activity from the Central Crater produced ash fall up to Reggio Calabria.
|
|
|
|
Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
|
|
1693 february
|
1694 August
|
CC
|
Central Explosive and effusive
|
Long period of highly discontinuous intracrateric activity characterized by ash emission that produced fallout up to Caltagirone (1693, 1st of April), Messina (1693, 24-25 August), Naso (1693, 4-5 July), Reggio Calabria (1693, 24-25 August), Taormina (1693, 24-25 August), Catania (1694, 1-3 of August), and lava flows in the summit area (Piano del Lago locality, 1693, 8 september).
|
|
|
|
Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
|
|
1698
|
June
|
CC
|
Central Explosive
|
Impulsive episode of intense explosive activity that produced ash fallout up to Messina.
|
|
|
|
Contemporaneous source in Guidoboni et al., 2014
|
|
1702
|
8 March-8 May
(60)
|
E Flank: in VdB
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Lava flows eastward in VdB reached the VC.
|
16.9
|
3.4
|
|
Amico, 1733
|
|
1727
|
22 Nov.-10 May 1728
(168)
|
W Flank: base of the summit cone ?
|
Central Effusive
|
Lava flows westward threatened Bronte and caused destruction to the forests. Confusion between the date of this eruption reported in 1723 by Ferrara and 1727 by Recupero, Alessi and Gemmellaro.
|
|
|
|
Amico 1733
Ferrara 1818
Alessi, 1829-1835
Gemmellaro, 1858
|
|
1732
|
8 December-January 1733
|
W Flank: base of the summit cone ?
|
Central Effusive
|
Lava flows westward caused destruction to the forests.
|
|
|
|
Alessi, 1829-1835
|
|
1735
|
1 October- 15 July 1736
(287)
|
N Flank: base of the summit cone
|
Central Effusive and explosive
|
Lava flows west, northeast and eastward caused destruction to the forests. Intense explosive activity at CC produced ash fall.
|
|
|
|
Alessi, 1829-1835
|
|
1744-45
|
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
A discontinuous period of intense Strombolian activity with lava fountain episodes that produced ash fall along the flanks.
|
|
|
|
Recupero, 1815
|
|
1747
|
Sept-1848?
|
CC
Flank: base of the summit cone
|
Central
Explosive and Effusive
|
Intense Strombolian activity at CC formed a large scoria cone. Lava flows eastward in VdB from the vents located at the base of the Summit Cone.
|
|
|
|
Recupero, 1815
|
|
1752-54
|
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Several vents active discontinuously produced an intense Strombolian activity with lava fountain episodes. During this period the height of the CC increased.
|
|
|
|
Recupero, 1815
|
|
1755
|
Jan-Feb
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity.
|
|
|
|
Recupero, 1815
|
|
1755
|
2-3 March
(1)
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive and effusive
|
Lava fountain episode produced ash fall in the eastern flank up to Mascali. Lava flows southward and eastward in VdB up to Mt Lepre (1900 m).
|
|
|
|
Recupero, 1815
|
|
1755
|
9-15 March
(6)
|
E Flank: westward Rocca Musarra (VdB)
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Lava flow field eastward in VdB reached Mt Cagliato (1200 m). During the eruption a lahar formed on 10th flowing in the VdB as the result of melting snow.
|
4.7
|
1.6
|
|
Recupero, 1815
|
|
1756
|
1758
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Discontinuous intense Strombolian activity formed three scoria cones on the rim of CC.
|
|
|
|
Recupero, 1815
|
|
1758
|
October-February 1759
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive and Effusive
|
During this period intense explosive activity caused a collapse of the CC rim on 1st November. Continuous lava overflows formed a wide lava flow field westward.
|
|
|
|
Recupero, 1815
|
|
1759
|
14-15 April
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Lava fountain episode produced ash fall along the eastern flank to Milo, Zafferana and Fleri on 14th and in Catania on 15th.
|
|
|
|
Recupero, 1815
|
|
1759
|
19 April-1 August
|
CC
|
Central
Effusive and Explosive
|
Discontinuous emission of lava flows south and eastward in VdB from a vent located at the south base of CC and overflows northwestward. Discontinuous Strombolian activity at CC.
|
|
|
|
Recupero, 1815
|
|
1759
|
3 August
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Lava fountain episode produced ash fall along the southeastern flank to Catania.
|
|
|
|
Recupero, 1815
|
|
1763
|
6 Feb.-10 March
(32)
|
W Flank: 1600
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Strombolian activity formed Mts. Nuovo scoria cone. A lava flow field westward 3.5 km long was emitted reaching an elevation of 1180 m.
|
32^
|
2.0^
|
|
Recupero, 1815
|
|
1763
|
?
|
W Flank: 1760
|
Flank effusive
|
Strombolian activity formed Mts. Nuovo scoria cone. A short lava flow 800 m long reached an elevation of 1605 m.
|
2.6^
|
0.2^
|
|
Corsaro et al., 2021
|
|
1763
|
18 June-10 Sept.
(84)
|
S Flank: 2500
|
Flank
Explosive and Effusive
|
Along the NNE-SSW fissure intense and continuous lava fountain activity between 19 June and 8 of August formed a few km high eruptive column, producing abundant lapilli and ash fall mainly southeastward. About 4 kg/m2 of ash fell on Catania between 1 and 6 July. A sharp decrease of the explosive activity took place between 8 and 11 August. From this date until 30 August, lava fountaining resumed producing ash fall. Finally, the explosive activity quickly decreases until the end of the eruption. Proximal deposit formed the Montagnola scoria cone at 2500 m elevation. A 3.5-km-long lava flow south and southeastward was produced. There was severe damage to the cultivated areas affected by the tephra fallout.
|
100
|
2.4
|
|
Recupero, 1815
Ferrara, 1818
|
|
1764
|
1765?
(18 months ?)
|
N Flank: >2600
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Large lava flow field more than 4.5 km long northwestward reached an elevation of 1660 m
|
117
|
5.8
|
|
Sartorious, 1880
|
|
1766
|
27 April-6 Nov.
(194)
|
S Flank: 2100-1950
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Along the N-S eruptive fissures intense Strombolian activity formed Mt Calcarazzi. Ash fall in Catania and Acireale on 7th July. A wide lava flow field about 6.5 km long southward reached an elevation of 970 m causing destruction to the forests.
|
135.4
|
9
|
|
Gemmellaro, 1766
Recupero, 1815
|
|
1780
|
end of April-May
|
CC
|
Central Explosive
|
Intense Strombolian activity with associated lava overflows.
|
|
|
|
Recupero, 1815
Ferrara, 1818
|
|
1780
|
18-28 May
(10)
|
S Flank: 2350-1850
|
Flank
Effusive
|
NNE-SSW eruptive fissure produced a lava flow field about 8.5 km long southwestward that reached an elevation of 980 m causing destruction to the forests.
|
29.3
|
4.9
|
|
Recupero, 1815
Ferrara, 1818
|
|
1781
|
Mar.-May
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive and Effusive
|
Intense Strombolian activity produced ash fall and lava overflow eastward in VdB. A lava fountain episode produced ash fall in the southern flank on 24th April.
|
|
|
|
Gioeni, 1782
Alessi, 1829-1835
|
|
1787
|
second half of June
|
CC
|
Central Explosive
|
Intense Strombolian activity
|
|
|
|
Recupero, 1815
|
|
1787
|
1-22 July
|
CC
S Flank: 3030
|
Central Explosive and Flank Effusive
|
Intense lava fountain episodes with lava overflows. During this phase a fissure opened at the base of the summit cone producing a wide lava flow field southwestward, where it reached an elevation of 1770 m.
|
|
|
|
Gioeni, 1787
Mirone Pasquali, 1787
Recupero, 1815
|
|
1787
|
18 July
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Subplinian eruption formed abundant lapilli and ash fallout in the southeastern flank. Ash fell on Malta Island. Damage to the forests within 1000 m of elevation.
|
|
|
|
Gioeni, 1787
Mirone Pasquali, 1787
Recupero, 1815
|
|
1791
|
Feb-May
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity
|
|
|
|
Recupero, 1815
Ferrara, 1818
|
|
1791
|
September
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity
|
|
|
|
Recupero, 1815
Ferrara, 1818
|
|
1792
|
March- 24 May
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive and effusive
|
Strombolian activity with lava fountain episodes that formed ash column at the beginning of March and May. On 11th – 12th May a main lava fountain episode occurred that produced ash fall in the south flank and two lava overflows southward and eastward in VdB. On 17th and 24th two other lava fountain episodes produced ash fall.
|
|
|
|
Recupero, 1815
Ferrara, 1818
|
|
1792
|
26 May- May 1793
(380?)
|
SE Flank: 2600-1900
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Along the NW-SE fracture system formed the pit crater named Cisternazza. Short lava flows (200 m long) emitted from several vents along the southwestern wall of the VdB. The 1900 vent produced a large lava flow field about 6.5 km long eastward that reached an elevation of 610 m threatened Zafferana and caused damage to the cultivated areas.
|
90
|
9.6
|
|
Dolomieu, 1792
Recupero, 1815
|
|
1797
|
1799
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Discontinuous Strombolian activity. In July 1798 lava fountain episodes with lava overflows. In June 1799 lava fountain episodes.
|
|
|
|
Ferrara, 1818
|
|
1800
|
February
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity gradually increased toward the end of the month.
|
|
|
|
Ferrara, 1818
|
|
1800
|
27 February
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strong lava fountain episode (30 min) produced lapilli and ash fall along the eastern flank in Zafferana- Ballo. Tephra deposit about 15 cm thick..
|
|
|
|
Ferrara, 1818
Alessi, 1829-1835
|
|
1800
|
4 March
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Subplinian eruption led to lapilli and ash fall on the northern flank and up to the Tyrrhenian coast. In the area of Roccella Val Demone (20 km) and Moio Alcantara (18 km) fall of scoriae 238-344 g that injured people. In Milazzo ash fall occurred.
|
|
|
|
Ferrara, 1818
|
|
1800
|
March-April
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Several lava fountain episodes occurred. In particular on 15th April eruptive column 3.2 km high produced lapilli and ash fall eastward and caused lahar as the result of melting snow.
|
|
|
|
Ferrara, 1818
|
|
1802
|
15-18 November
(3)
|
E Flank: westward Rocca Musarra (VdB).
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Lava flows eastward in VdB. Minor overflows from the CC. From 16th to 18th intense Strombolian activity with some lava fountain episodes occurred on 16th that produced lapilli and ash fall in the eastern flank in Zafferana, Caselle, S. Giovanni
|
10.4
|
5.3
|
|
Maravigna, 1803
|
|
1805
|
11 March
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Ash column several km high.
|
|
|
|
Gemmellaro M. in Recupero 1815
|
|
1805
|
11 July-2 August
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity from two vents with intracrater lava flows emission.
|
|
|
|
Gemmellaro M. in Recupero 1815
|
|
1806
|
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Discontinuous Strombolian activity
|
|
|
|
Gemmellaro M. in Recupero 1815
|
|
1807
|
12-13 Jan.
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Ash emission
|
|
|
|
Alessi 1829-1835
|
|
1808
|
July-March 1809
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity from two vents.
|
|
|
|
Alessi 1829-1835
Recupero 1815
|
|
1809
|
27 March-9 April
(14)
|
NE Flank: 3000-1350
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Long eruptive fissure system NE-SW oriented. Strombolian activity formed scoria cones producing several lava flows north-northwest, north and northeastward that reached an elevation of 670 m causing damage to the cultivated areas. On 27th lava fountain activity at CC produced lapilli fall along the northeast flank to Linguaglossa and ash fall to Messina.
|
36.1
|
6
|
|
Gemmellaro, 1809
Gemmellaro, 1820
|
|
1810
|
December
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity
|
|
|
|
Gemmellaro, 1811
|
|
1811
|
27 October-24 April 1812
(182)
|
E flank: 3000-2000
|
Flank
Effusive and explosive (B)
|
On 27 Oct. 1811, an ash column formed from CC. Along the E-W eruptive fissure several vents produced a wide lava flow field about 5 km long in VdB that reached an elevation of 1100 m. Intense strombolian activity along the fissure formed Mt Simone scoria cone and produced discontinuous ash fall on the eastern flank for all the period of the eruption. In particular, on 31 October 1811 ash fell as far as Messina, and in Catania and Augusta on 1st November 1811. About 530 g/m2 of ash fell in Nicolosi on 2nd December.
|
50.9
|
5.1
|
|
Gemmellaro, 1811
|
|
1816
|
13 August
|
CC
|
|
Collapse at CC
|
|
|
|
Gemmellaro, 1819
|
|
1819
|
27 May-5 August
(70)
|
E flank: 2850-2400
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Intense Strombolian activity produced ash fall in the eastern flank up to Acireale on 27th May. Strombolian activity along the fissure caused discontinuous ash fall on the flanks during the eruption. Wide lava flow field eastward in VdB reached an elevation of about 1000 m in VC. Strong explosion at CC produced ash fall in the southern flank to Catania on 13th June.
|
47.1
|
5.9
|
|
Gemmellaro, 1819
Maravigna, 1819
Alessi, 1829-1835
|
|
1822
|
21 June
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Collapse at CC produced ash fall in the eastern flank up to Mascali.
|
|
|
|
Alessi, 1829-1835
|
|
1823
|
27 Dec.
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Ash emission, probable collapse at CC
|
|
|
|
Alessi, 1829-1835
|
|
1827
|
10-14 Oct.
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity
|
|
|
|
Alessi, 1829-1835
|
|
1828
|
23-31 Aug.,
1-9 and 17-29 Sept
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity with ash emission in September.
|
|
|
|
Alessi, 1829-1835
|
|
1829
|
11-13 Nov.,
9-11 Dec.
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity with ash emission.
|
|
|
|
Alessi, 1829-1835
|
|
1830
|
March-May
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Discontinuous Strombolian activity.
|
|
|
|
Alessi, 1829-1835
|
|
1831
|
4-15 March and 2-3 April
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive and effusive
|
Two Lava flows northward accompanied by intense Strombolian activity with ash emission started on 17 February.
|
|
|
|
Alessi, 1829-1835
|
|
1831
|
May-Dec.
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Occasional ash emission.
|
|
|
|
Alessi, 1829-1835
|
|
1832
|
March-April
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity with ash emission.
|
|
|
|
Alessi, 1829-1835
|
|
1832
|
31 Oct.-22 Nov.
(23)
|
SE flank: 3000
W flank: 2650-1700
|
Flank
Effusive
|
On 31 October the lava flows emitted from the 3000 vent threatened the “Casa Inglese” shelter and reached the VdB. Intense Strombolian activity along the 2650-1700 eruptive fissure formed Mt Nunziata scoria cone producing ash columns about 1 km high that caused ash fall along the western and southern flanks to Catania. Lava flow field about 10.5 km long westward reached an elevation of 950 m causing damage to the cultivated areas.
|
58.2
|
5.8
|
|
Alessi, 1829-1835
Musumeci, 1832
Sartorius, 1880
|
|
1838
|
2 Aug.-end of Feb. 1839
|
CC
|
Central
Effusive
|
Strombolian activity with ash emission at CC from 13th July. Lava flows southeastward and eastward in VdB started on 2nd August accompanied by intense Strombolian activity up to February 1839.
|
|
|
|
Gemmellaro, 1838
|
|
1842
|
27 Nov.-28 December
(31)
|
CC
|
Central Explosive and
Effusive
|
Continuous Strombolian activity at CC formed an intracrater scoria cone that covered and grew in height above the CC rim modifying its morphological setting (“bicorne” since 1444). During the eruption lava flows were emitted southeastward and eastward about 4 km long in VdB.
|
|
|
|
Gemmellaro, 1842
|
|
1843
|
17-8 Nov
(11)
|
W flank: 2375-1830
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Along WNW-ESE eruptive fissure Strombolian activity formed coalescent scoria cones. Lava flow field about 13.5 km long westward reached an elevation of 540 m and cut the “Consolare Palermo-Messina” road. On 25th a violent phreatic burst occurred at lava flow front and killed fifty nine people. During the eruption discontinuous ash emission from CC produced ash fall in the south and eastern flanks reaching Catania.
|
52.8
|
6.6
|
|
Gemmellaro, 1843
|
|
1843
|
1-10 December
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Fine grey ash emission from CC produced ash fall in the southern flank to Catania plain.
|
|
|
|
Gemmellaro, 1843
|
|
Dagala dell’Orso
|
1850±80
|
NW flank:
2080-1720
|
Flank effusive
|
Eruptive fissures formed by two segments that generated short lava flows reaching an elevation of 1475 m. Maximum lava flow length is 3.3 km.
|
|
|
|
Tanguy et al., 2012
|
|
1852
|
20 August-27 May 1853
(280)
|
E flank: 1950-1700
|
Flank
Effusive and explosive (B)
|
Along an E-W eruptive fissure, intense and continuous explosive activity between 20 August and 28 November formed an eruptive column that produced ash fall mainly on the eastern flank and southwestward to Catania and Siracusa and northeastward to Taormina and Messina. The continuous ash fall caused damage to the cultivated areas on the eastern flank and some roof collapse in Zafferana, Milo, and other villages. The intensity of explosive activity decreased from 28 November and strombolian activity formed the Mts Centenari scoria cones. Lava effusion formed a wide lava flow field 8 km long eastward and southeastward in VdB threatened Milo, Ballo and Zafferana reaching an elevation of 635 m.
|
127.4
|
10.6
|
|
Tornabene, 1852
Vigo, 1853
Gemmellaro, 1854a and b
|
|
1863
|
1 May-June
|
CC
|
|
Discontinuous ash emission.
|
|
|
|
Gemmellaro, 1863
Silvestri, 1867
|
|
1863
|
7 July
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Subplinian eruption causing lapilli and ash fall on the southeastern flank and southeastern Sicily. A few centimeter ash layer covered the beach of Catania (Playa). Ash fall is reported in Malta Island and in the Calabria coast. The “Casa Inglese” at 2957 m was destroyed by meter-sized bombs.. Bombs up to 13 cm in size at about 2.5 km of distance from the vent Damage to the cultivated areas of the SE flank.The tephra fallout caused damage to the cultivated areas of the SE flank.
|
|
|
|
Gemmellaro, 1863
Silvestri, 1867
|
|
1863
|
8-25 July
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Intense Strombolian activity with several strong lava fountain episodes with ash fall occurred on 8th, where 50 cm of lapilli deposit covered the Piano del Lago area at 2500 of elevation, between 16-18th, with a 2 km long rheomorphic lava flow formed southwestward on the 17th, and 24-25th .
|
|
|
|
Silvestri, 1867
|
|
1864
|
August-September
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity
|
|
|
|
Gemmellaro, 1865
Silvestri, 1867
|
|
1865
|
30 Jan-28 June
(150)
|
NE flank: 1825-1625
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Along an ENE-WSW eruptive fissure intense Strombolian activity formed the Mts Sartorius scoria cones and produced lapilli and ash fall in the northeastern flank. A wide lava flow field 7.5 km long southward reached an elevation of 770 m.
|
86.9
|
7.3
|
|
Gemmellaro, 1865
Grafsi, 1865
Silvestri, 1866
Silvestri, 1867
|
|
1869
|
26 September
|
E flank: probably at the east base of the CC
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Lava flow eastward in VdB close to Mt Simone (2000 m).
|
2.4
|
1.2
|
|
Sartorious, 1880
|
|
1874
|
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity
|
|
|
|
Silvestri, 1874 a and b
|
|
1874
|
29-31 August
(2)
|
N flank: 2450-2200
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Lava fountain activity at CC formed an eruptive column with lapilli and ash fall. NNE-SSW 3 km long eruptive fissure produced two short 150 and 400 m lava flows north-eastward respectively.
|
1.5
|
0.4
|
|
Silvestri, 1874 a and b
|
|
1879
|
26 May-7 June
(12)
|
N flank: 2250-2100; 2050-1900.
SW flank: 2680
|
Flank
Effusive
|
About N-S 10 km long fissure system cut the summit cone. An ash column formed at the beginning of the eruption that produced ash fall in the north flank up to Reggio Calabria. Stombolian activity formed the Mts Umberto and Margherita at 2250-2100 in the northeastern flank. Lava flowed from the 2050-1900 vent for 9 km reaching 550 m a.s.l. close to Alcantara River and cut the Randazzo-Linguaglossa road. From the SW 2680 vent a 2 km lava flow formed.
|
21.9
|
3
|
|
Silvestri, 1879
Blaserna et al., 1879
|
|
1880
|
January
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity
|
|
|
|
Silvestri, 1883
|
|
1880
|
February
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Intense lava fountaining episodes produced ash fall in the eastern flank to the coast (3 cm thick in Acireale) on 8, 9, 10, 23 and 24th.
|
|
|
|
Silvestri, 1883
|
|
1880
|
March-August
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Intense Strombolian activity with discontinuous ash fell in the summit area.
|
|
|
|
Silvestri, 1883
|
|
1880
|
13 Nov.
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Ash emission probably related to a collapse.
|
|
|
|
Silvestri, 1883
|
|
1881
|
28-31 Dec.
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Intense Strombolian activity Continuous ash emissions with abundant ash fall in the northwestern flank up to Bronte and Maletto.
|
|
|
|
Silvestri, 1883
|
|
1882
|
Jan.-Feb.
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Intense Strombolian activity with ash fall on all the flanks as far as the coast, Randazzo, Bronte, Biancavilla.
|
|
|
|
Silvestri, 1883
|
|
1882
|
April-Dec.
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Intense Strombolian activity with discontinuous ash fell in the summit area.
|
|
|
|
Silvestri, 1883
|
|
1883
|
Jan.-Feb.
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity.
|
|
|
|
Silvestri, 1883
|
|
1883
|
22-24 March
(3)
|
S flank: 1200-950
|
Flank
Effusive
|
A N-S dry fracture system from the summit cone to 950 m a.s.l. Stombolian activity along the 3 km long NNW-SSE eruptive fissure formed Mt Leone scoria cone. A short lava flow 250 m long southwestward. On 25 March a 7 km high eruptive column formed at CC.
|
0.1
|
0.04
|
|
Ricciardi, 1883
Silvestri, 1883
|
|
1883
|
25 March
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
A 7 km high eruptive column produced ash fall in VdB.
|
|
|
|
Ricciardi, 1883
Silvestri, 1883
|
|
1883
|
April-Dec.
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Discontinuous Strombolian activity with ash emission on 10-13 and 29-30 April, 15-17 and 25 May, 27-28 June, 2 and 11 August, 7 and 29,30 Sept, 24-25 Nov, 24-29 December
|
|
|
|
Silvestri, 1883
|
|
1884
|
1885 up to April 1886
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Discontinuous Strombolian activity with ash emission.
|
|
|
|
Silvestri, 1893
Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904
|
|
1886
|
19 May-
7 June
(20)
|
S flank: 1500-1300
|
Flank
Effusive and explosive (B)
|
On 18 May, intense explosive activity at CC formed an ash column producing ash fall on the western flanks. Intense strombolian activity along NNE-SSW eruptive fissure formed the large Mt Gemmellaro scoria cone. The formation of eruptive columns until the end of May produced almost continuous ash fall mainly on the southeastern flank to Catania, where 2.6 kg/m2 fell between 28 and 29 May, causing damage to the cultivated areas of Pedara and Nicolosi. Ash fall occurred also in northern and southern Sicily and as far as Malta. Lava effusion formed a wide lava flow field, 6.5 km long, heading south reached an elevation of 780 m.
|
38.3
|
4.8
|
|
Silvestri, 1886 a and b
Gentile Cusà, 1886
Silvestri, 1893
|
|
1887
|
31 May-August
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity with ash fall in the summit cone area.
|
|
|
|
Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904
|
|
1888
|
April-December
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Almost continuous Strombolian activity. Five lava fountain episodes formed eruptive columns with lapilli and ash fall on the east and southeastern flanks to the coast occurred on 13th April, 1st May, 26th June, 30th September, 8th October.
|
|
|
|
Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904
|
|
1889
|
March-August
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Almost continuous Strombolian activity. Lava fountain episodes occurred on 2, 13, 14 and 17th June ash fall in Catania.
|
|
|
|
Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904
|
|
1890
|
May- October
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Discontinuous Strombolian activity. Lava fountain episode occurred on 17th October that produced a 1.6 km high eruptive column and abundant ash fall on the southwestern flank.
|
|
|
|
Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904
|
|
1891
|
20 February
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Lava fountain episode produced an eruptive column 1.6 km high with abundant ash fall on the southeast flank to the coast.
|
|
|
|
Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904
|
|
1891
|
March-May
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Discontinuous Strombolian activity
|
|
|
|
Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904
|
|
1891
|
8 September
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Lava fountain episode produced a 3.5 km high eruptive column. Ash cloud divided in two directions, north and southward.
|
|
|
|
Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904
|
|
1891
|
December
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity
|
|
|
|
Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904
|
|
1892
|
June
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Intense Strombolian activity with ash fall in the eastern and southern flanks
|
|
|
|
Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1892
|
9 July-29 Dec.
(173)
|
S flank: 2025-1800
|
Flank
Effusive and explosive (B)
|
On 8 July, intense explosive activity at CC formed an ash column producing ash fall on the south and southeast flanks down to Catania. Along the eruptive fissure 300-400-m-high lava fountain formed an eruptive column that produced almost continuous lapilli and ash fall until 30 July mainly on the southeastern flank up to Malta. The ash fall occurred also on the northeastern flank reaching Messina and Reggio Calabria. There was no explosive activity between 31 July and 2 August. It resumed on 3 August with a lower intensity and until 27 August formed a dilute ash column. In this period the explosive activity progressively became strombolian and gradually decreased with time. Lava effusion formed a wide, 7-km-long lava flow field directed southward, reaching an elevation of 920 m.
|
121.1
|
10.1
|
|
Bartoli, 1892
Arcidiacono, 1902
Riccò and Arcidiacono, 1904
|
|
1893-98
|
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Discontinuous and weak Strombolian activity produced within the CC conduit with occasionally lava emission that indicated variation of the magma level.
|
|
|
|
De Fiore, 1909
|
|
1899
|
19 July
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
A violent phreatic explosion formed a 5 km high eruptive column that produced ash fall in the flanks to the coast. The proximal deposit consists of large lava blocks (up to 30 cm) that damaged the Osservatorio Etneo at 2950 m of elevation.
|
|
|
|
Mascari, 1899
Arcidiacono, 1900
Riccò, 1910a
|
|
1899
|
5 August
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Lava fountain episode formed an eruptive column that produced lapilli and ash fall in the southeastern flank.
|
|
|
|
Mascari, 1899
Arcidiacono, 1900
Riccò, 1910a
|
|
1906
|
5 January
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Violent phreatomagmatic? explosions produced ash fall in the southeastern flank to Catania.
|
|
|
|
Ponte, 1906
De Fiore, 1909
|
|
1906
|
18 Dec.-1907
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Intense and discontinuous Strombolian activity.
|
|
|
|
De Fiore, 1909
|
|
1908
|
29-30 April
(1)
|
E flank: 2500-2275
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Eruptive column at CC. NNW-SSE eruptive fissure produced a lava flow about 5 km long eastward in VdB. Ash emission at CC followed the end of the eruption for several days.
|
2
|
1
|
|
Platania, 1908
Riccò, 1908
|
|
1908
|
June-Dec.
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Discontinuous and intense Strombolian activity with occasional ash fall mainly in the eastern flank.
|
|
|
|
Vinassa de Regny et al., 1911
|
|
1909
|
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Discontinuous and intense Strombolian activity
|
|
|
|
Vinassa de Regny et al., 1911
|
|
1910
|
23 Mar.-18 April
(26)
|
S flank: 2300-1950
|
Flank
Effusive
|
About N-S dry fracture system from 2850 to southward La Montagnola. NNE-SSW eruptive fissure produced a lava flow field 10 km long southward reaching an elevation of 700 m a.s.l. Strombolian activity along the fissure formed Mts Riccò scoria cones. A lahar originated along the base of the CC on the 16th reached the VdB floor.
|
65
|
4.9
|
|
Platania, 1910
Platania, 1911a
Ponte, 1911a and b
De Fiore, 1911
Riccò, 1910 a and b
Vinassa de Regny et al., 1911
|
|
1910
|
27 Dec.-15 Feb. 1911
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity. On 25 January a strong lava fountain episode formed lapilli and ash fall in the southeastern flank to Catania. At Rifugio Sapienza area a continuous fine lapilli deposit, 2 cm thick, formed
|
|
|
|
Platania, 1911b
De Fiore, 1911
|
|
1911
|
27 May
|
CC
|
|
A collapse formed a 106 m wide pit crater, named NEC, in the north-east slope of the CC at 3160 m a.s.l.
|
|
|
|
Platania, 1911b
|
|
1911
|
10-23 September
(13)
|
NE flank: 2550-1650
|
Flank
Effusive and explosive
|
About 8 km long NE-SW fracture system from about 3000 to 1650. From the 2550-1650 vents a lava flow field 7.5 km long northeastward. The lava flow reached an elevation of 550 m a.s.l. and cut the Circumetnea railway and the Linguaglossa-Randazzo road. Continuous ash emission from the CC during the eruption that caused ash fall in all flanks. In particular, on 10th Sept. a 2 km high eruptive column formed producing ash fall in the southeastern flank to Catania. On the contrary, at NEC only degassing activity was present.
|
55.4
|
5.5
|
|
Riccò, 1911
Ponte, 1911c
Ponte, 1912
Ponte, 1913
Platania, 1912
|
|
1914-15
|
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Discontinuous and weak Strombolian activity produced within the CC conduit.
|
|
|
|
Ponte, 1924
|
|
1916
|
|
CC and NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Increasing Strombolian activity at CC. Strombolian activity started at NEC on October
|
|
|
|
Ponte, 1924
|
|
1917
|
Spring
|
CC and NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Ash emission due to probable collapse phenomena.
|
|
|
|
Ponte, 1924
|
|
1917
|
24 June
|
NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Lava fountain episode formed a 1 km high eruptive column. Lapilli and ash fell in the eastern flank to the coast. A rheomorphic lava flow 1 km2 large formed in the northeastern slope of the crater.
|
|
|
|
Ponte, 1919
|
|
1918
|
March-July
|
NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Intense Strombolian activity with associated lava overflows eastward
|
|
|
|
Ponte, 1920
|
|
1918
|
30? November
(2?)
|
N flank: 3050, 2800
|
Central
Explosive and Flank
Effusive
|
Intense explosive activity at CC started in October and preceded the opening of the eruptive fissure system formed by a N-S dry fracture field from 2850 to 3050 m in the southern flank and by a NNW-SSE eruptive fissure system in the northern one in which several vents produced short lava flows 1.2 km long northward and westward.
|
1.22
|
0.3
|
|
De Fiore, 1920
|
|
1919
|
March-June 1923
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
A long period characterized by phases of Strombolian activity that formed intracrater scoria cone formed with occasionally lava flows emission and with occasionally ash emission that caused ash fall to the coast, and phases of collapse phenomena indicating the variation of magma column in the conduit.
|
|
|
|
De Fiore, 1925
Boll. R. Oss. Geod., 1922a and 1922b
|
|
1921
|
Nov.-1922-April 1923
|
NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Discontinuous Strombolian activity with occasional ash emission. Increase in the Strombolian activity from June 1922 that formed an intracrater scoria cone.
|
|
|
|
Ponte, 1924
|
|
1923
|
3- end of May
|
NEC
|
Central
Explosive and effusive
|
Strombolian activity and lava effusion from a vent opened at the northern base of the NEC. Lava flow field northward and northeastward in VdL.
|
|
|
|
Milone, 1924
Ponte, 1924 Stella Starabba, 1932
|
|
1923
|
17 June-18 July
(31)
|
NE flank: 2500-2000
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Along a NE-SW eruptive system several vents produced a lava flow field 11 km long northeastward. The lava flow reached an elevation of 600 m a.s.l. and destroyed the Castiglione railway station cutting the Circumetnea railway and the Linguaglossa-Randazzo road. Before, during and after the eruption ash emission at CC occurred.
|
78
|
6.48
|
|
Ponte, 1923 a and b
De Fiore, 1926
Milone, 1924
|
|
1923
|
April-1924
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Collapse phenomena with ash emission that caused discontinuous fine ash fall in the eastern flank.
|
|
|
|
Ponte, 1926
Stella Starabba, 1932
|
|
1924
|
20 July-12 Feb. 1925
|
NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Episodic and discontinuous Strombolian activity.
|
|
|
|
Stella Starabba, 1932
|
|
1928
|
2-20 November
(18)
|
E flank: 3000-2600 VdL; 2300-2050; 1200
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Intense ash emission from NEC and fallout between Castiglione and Piedimonte preceded the opening of the ENE-WSW eruptive fissure system on 2nd and ash fall southeastward on 3rd. Short-lived lava flow from the 2600 vent in VdL. Lava flow east-northeast and eastward from the 2300-2050 fissure. Lava flow field about 8 km long eastward from the 1200 vent reached an elevation of 25 m and destroyed the town of Mascali on 7th. On the 16th lava flow cut the Catania-Messina road.
|
53
|
4.4
|
|
Ponte, 1928
Ponte, 1929a and b
Branca et al. 2017
|
|
1929-1933
|
|
CC and NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Discontinuous Strombolian activity
|
|
|
|
Ponte, 1937
|
|
1934
|
Jan.-March
|
CC and NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Discontinuous Strombolian activity
|
|
|
|
Ponte, 1937
|
|
1935
|
July-September
|
CC and NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Alternation and/or contemporaneous Strombolian activity at CC and NEC.
|
|
|
|
Ponte, 1937
|
|
1936
|
February-December
|
CC and NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Alternation and/or contemporaneous Strombolian activity at CC and NEC. The activity increased in July, August and in December.
|
|
|
|
Ponte, 1937
|
|
1936
|
29 December
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Lava fountain episode formed ash fall in the south-eastern flank in VdB.
|
|
|
|
Boll. Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46
|
|
1937
|
January-December
|
CC and NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Alternation and/or contemporaneous Strombolian activity at CC and NEC
|
|
|
|
Boll. Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46
|
|
1938
|
January-December
|
CC and NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Alternation and/or contemporaneous Strombolian activity at CC and NEC
|
|
|
|
Boll. Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46
|
|
1939
|
April-December
|
CC and NEC
|
Central
Explosive and effusive
|
Alternation and/or contemporaneous Strombolian activity at CC and NEC. Lava fountain episode with associated lava flows that partially filled the intracrater terrace occurred on 26th June at CC.
|
|
|
|
Boll. Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46
|
|
1940
|
Jan.-March
|
CC and NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Alternation and/or contemporaneous Strombolian activity at CC and NEC.
|
|
|
|
Boll. Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46
|
|
1940
|
16 March
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Subplinian eruption formed ash fall in the eastern flank between Taormina and Catania. The dispersal axis was northeast; about 2 kg/m2 of lapilli and ash in the Piedimonte area and about 1 kg/m2 of ash in Taormina. Coarse ash fall occurred in Messina and Reggio Calabria too.
|
|
|
|
Boll. Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46.
|
|
1940
|
24 May
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strong lava fountain episode formed ash and lapilli fallout in the eastern flank to Pozzillo. Lapilli were 5-8 cm large in the Zafferana and Fornazzo area.
|
|
|
|
Boll. Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46.
|
|
1940
|
June-December
|
CC and NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Alternation of Strombolian activity at CC and NEC.
|
|
|
|
Boll. Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46.
|
|
1941
|
January
|
NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity.
|
|
|
|
Boll. Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46.
|
|
1942
|
October-June
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Continuous Strombolian activity.
|
|
|
|
Boll. Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46.
|
|
1942
|
30 June
(1)
|
S flank: 2750-2550;
2545-2530
|
Flank
Effusive
|
A lava flow about 3.5 km long southwestward reached an elevation of 1750 m from two eruptive fissures NE-SW and NNE-SSW oriented. Eruptive column formed at CC that caused ash fall southward.
|
1.7
|
0.8
|
|
Cumin, 1943
Ponte, 1948a
|
|
1942
|
5 and 7 July
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strong lava fountain episodes producing an eruptive column and coarse ash fall to Catania.
|
|
|
|
Boll.Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46.
|
|
1942
|
September-December
|
NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Weak and discontinuous Strombolian activity that increased in December.
|
|
|
|
Boll.Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46.
|
|
1943-46
|
|
NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Almost continuous Strombolian activity with occasional ash emission.
|
|
|
|
Boll.Istituto Vulcanologico Etneo, 1936-46.
|
|
1947
|
5/6 February
|
NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Subplinian eruption formed lapilli and ash fall on the eastern flank to the coast. A continuous lapilli and bombs up to 8 cm deposit covered the Giarre area.
|
|
|
|
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1949a
|
|
1947
|
10 and 16 February
|
NEC, CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Two paroxysmal episodes produced a 600 m high lava fountain al NE and 400 m high lava fountain at CC, respectively.
|
|
|
|
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1949a
|
|
1947
|
24 Feb-10 March
(16)
|
NE flank: 3050-2150
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Two short lava flows northward from a fissure at the base of the NEC. Along a N-S and NE-SW eruptive fissure system several vents produced lava flows northward. From 2150 vent a 6 km long lava flow field reached an elevation of about 850 m a.s.l.
|
11.9
|
2
|
|
Cumin, 1947
Ponte, 1947; 1948b
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1949b and c
|
|
1949
|
2-4/5 December
(3)
|
Summit cone slopes N and S; NW flank 2420-2100
|
Flank
Effusive and explosive
|
At the beginning an eruptive column at CC formed producing ash fall in the southeastern flank. 119g/m2 of ash fell in Catania in three hours. NNW-SSE eruptive fissure cut the summit cone producing two lava flows 3.5 km long northward and 3 km long southwestward. From the 2420-1990 NW-SE eruptive fissure a lava flow 6 km long westward reached an elevation of 1460 m.
During this period the NEC was characterized by deep Strombolian activity.
|
11
|
2.9
|
|
Cumin, 1950a and b
|
|
1950
|
Jan.-Nov.
|
NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity.
|
|
|
|
Ponte, 1953
|
|
1950
|
25 Nov.-2 Dec 1951
(372)
|
E flank: 2820-2250
|
Flank
Effusive
|
An E-W eruptive fissure produced a wide lava flow field in VdB 9.7 km long. The lava flow cut the Fornazzo-Linguaglossa road reaching an elevation of 625 m a.s.l.
|
171
|
10.3
|
|
Cumin, 1952-54
Ponte, 1953
Cumin, 1954
|
|
1955
|
29 June-Dec.
|
NEC
|
Central
Explosive and effusive
|
Strombolian activity with lava overflow that formed a lava flow field north and northeastward and eastward in VdB.
|
|
|
|
Cumin, 1956
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1957°
|
|
1956
|
28 Feb-2 March
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive and effusive
|
Strong lava fountain activity formed a continuous lapilli and ash fall along the southeast flank between Pozzillo and Motta S. Anastasia. Lava overflows northwest, northeast in VdL and eastward in VdB.
|
2.4
|
|
2
|
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1957a
|
|
1956
|
1-2 March
(2)
|
E flank: 2750
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Lava flow about 2 km long eastward in VdB.
|
|
|
|
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1957a
|
|
1956
|
2-7/8 Apr.
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive and effusive
|
Continuous lava fountain activity formed an ash fall along the east flank to the coast (Giarre). Lava overflows northwest, northeast in VdL and eastward reached an elevation of about 1900 m in VdB.
|
1.5
|
|
2
|
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1957a
|
|
1957
|
5 Feb.-15 March
|
NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity.
|
|
|
|
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1957b
|
|
1957
|
5 February-3 May
|
NEC
|
Central
Effusive and explosive
|
Almost continuous intense Strombolian activity with formation of ash columns during single episodes (5-14 Feb., 25 Feb-15 March). From 16th March intense Strombolian activity and lava overflows east, north and northwestward with a maximum length of about 1.2 km.
|
1
|
|
|
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1957b
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1960a
|
|
1960
|
17 July
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Subplinian eruption formed a several km high eruptive column. Lapilli and ash fell northeastward reaching Taormina and Messina causing damage to agricultural land. Some forest lavas were ignited by incandescent pyroclastics up to 7 km from the summit, at 1700-1800 m of elevation. The most affected sector was in the Linguaglossa-Fiumefreddo area where lapilli up to 5 cm were deposited in a continuous sheet. The proximal thickness of the deposit was about 10 m.
|
|
|
10
|
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1960b and c
|
|
1960
|
20 July
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strong lava fountain episode formed a several km high eruptive column. Ash fall in the southeast flank to Acireale and Catania.
|
|
|
|
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1960b and c
|
|
1960
|
5 and 8 August
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strong lava fountain episode formed a 2.5 km high eruptive column. Ash fell over the east and northeast flanks to the coast (Piedimonte-Mascali).
|
|
|
|
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1960b and c
|
|
1960
|
30 December-January1964
|
NEC
|
Central
Explosive and lava overflow
|
Lava overflows from vents on the flanks or at the base of the NEC associated with Strombolian activity occurred with short periods of quiescence.
|
|
|
|
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1964
|
|
1961
|
12-13 May
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive and lava overflow
|
Strong Strombolian activity produced overflows towards east and northward, reaching lengths of 1.5 and 2.5 km respectively.
|
|
|
|
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1964
|
|
1964
|
1- end of Feb. approx.
|
E flank: 3175-2900
|
Flank
Effusive
|
An E-W eruptive fissure produced a lava flow field about 4 km long in VdB. This eruption started with an intense Strombolian activity at CC associated with overflows northward.
|
|
|
|
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1964
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1965
Sturiale, 1968
|
|
1964
|
7 Apr-5 July
|
CC
|
Central
Explosive and lava overflow
|
Intense lava fountain activity with formation of eruptive columns and ash fall in the eastern flank. Successively it became Strombolian and formed a scoria cone in the intracrater cone. Many lava overflows south and mainly westward reached a maximum length of 4.5 km. During the eruption a graben formed along the S slope of the summit cone. Strong lava fountain episode formed a several km high ash column closed this period.
|
20
|
|
5
|
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1964
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1965
Behncke et al., 2004
|
|
1966
|
11 Jan.-March 1971
|
NEC
|
Central
Effusive and explosive
|
Almost continuous long-lived lava flow emissions from vents along the base of the cone. The lava flows directed mainly north, northeast and eastward in VdL and VdB reached a maximum length of about 2.5 km producing a wide fan-shape lava flow field. Intense Strombolian activity increased the scoria cone. A large hornito built on the northeast side of the cone.
|
|
|
|
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1966
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1969a
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1969b
Guest, 1973
|
|
1968
|
7 Jan.-4 May
(117)
|
E flank: 2900, 2500
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Lava flow field in VdB reached an elevation of 1650 m.
On 9/10 June a 8 m wide pit crater formed on the west side of CC named Bocca Nuova (BN). During the winter of 1970-71 it collapsed to form a crater 100 wide and about 300 deep.
|
|
|
|
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1969b
Guest, 1973
|
|
1968
|
9 June-15 July?
|
E flank: 2850
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Lava flow field in VdL.
|
|
|
|
Cucuzza Silvestri, 1969b
|
|
1971
|
5 April- 12 June
(69)
|
S flank: 3020, 3000, 2960
E flank: 2880, 2680, 2580, 2540, 2300, 1840, 1800
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Three eruptive vents located along the south base of the summit cone formed scoria cones and lava flows southward and eastward. The lava flows destroyed the Volcanological Observatory and the cable car. A series of eruptive vents WNW-ESE aligned produced a lava flow field in VdB. From the 1840-1800 vent a 7 km long eastward lava flow field destroyed some houses of Fornazzo. On 18 May a pit crater opened on the southeast base of the summit cone at 2915 m. During the first days of the eruption ash emission at VOR occurred.
|
75
|
7.5
|
|
Rittmann et al., 1971
Guest and Skelhorn, 1973
|
|
1971
|
September and December
|
VOR
|
Central
Explosive
|
Weak Strombolian activity
|
|
|
|
Bottari et al., 1975
|
|
1972
|
1973
|
VOR and BN
|
Central
Explosive
|
Weak and almost continuous Strombolian activity. In particular, the climax occurred on 6th November 1973 when an ash column 3 km high formed producing ash fall in the summit area.
|
|
|
|
Bottari et al., 1975
|
|
1974
|
30 Jan-16 Feb.
(17)
|
W flank: 1670
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Intense Strombolian activity at the vent formed Mt De Fiore I scoria cone.
Lava flows to north, south and west reached a maximum length of 1.5 km.
At VOR and BN discontinuous ash emission.
|
2.4
|
0.3
|
|
Guest et al., 1974
Bottari et al., 1975
Romano et al., 1976
|
|
1974
|
11-29 Ma.r
(18)
|
W flank: 1650
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Intense Strombolian activity at the vent formed Mt De Fiore II scoria cone.
Lava flow field westward reached a maximum length of 1.3 km.
At VOR and BN discontinuous ash emission.
|
2.1
|
0.2
|
|
Guest et al., 1974
Bottari et al., 1975
Romano et al., 1976
|
|
1974
|
10 Oct-25 Feb 1975
(138)
|
NEC
|
Central
Effusive
|
Lava flow field north, east and westward produced by a fissure in the slope. Strombolian activity started at NEC on 29th September.
|
|
|
|
Romano and Sturiale, 1978a
|
|
1975
|
24 Feb-29 Aug.
(187)
|
N flank: 2625
|
Flank
Effusive
|
NNW-SSE fissure system from NEC. Lava flow field northward reached 1.8 km of length.
Strombolian activity resumed at NEC in July.
|
|
1
|
|
Pinkerton and Sparks, 1976
Romano and Sturiale, 1978 a and b
|
|
1975
|
12 Sept-28 Nov.
(77)
|
NEC
|
Central
Effusive
|
Lava flow field north and northwestward from a vent opened in the west slope.
|
|
|
|
Romano and Sturiale, 1978 a and b
|
|
1975
|
29 Nov.-8 Jan. 1977
(406)
|
NW flank: 2920
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Lava flow field on north and northwest flanks reached 1800 m a.s.l with a maximum length of 5 km. Strombolian activity at the vent formed Mt Cumin scoria cone.
|
|
|
|
Romano and Sturiale, 1978 a and b;
|
|
1976-77
|
|
VOR and BN
|
Central
Explosive
|
Weak and almost continuous Strombolian activity with occasional ash emission.
|
|
|
|
Romano and Sturiale, 1978 a and b;
|
|
1977
|
16 July-29 Mar. 1978
|
NEC
|
Central
Explosive and effusive
|
Twentythree short-lived eruptive episodes characterized by lava fountain producing ash fall up to Catania and/or lava flows emitted from fissures opened around the NEC slope. Lava flows mainly covered the north-northwest flanks with a maximum length of 7 km.
|
|
|
|
Romano et al., 1977
Romano and Sturiale; 1979
Romano, 1980
McClelland et al., 1975-1985
|
|
1978
|
29 Apr-5 June
(37)
|
E flank: 3000-2875, 2800-2575
|
Flank
Effusive and minor explosive
|
NW-SE eruptive fissure from the SE base of the summit cone at 3000 to 2800 and NNW-SSE 2800-2575 eruptive fissure produced lava flows that traveled northeast, southeast and east-southeastward in VdB reaching a maximum length of about 4 km. Intense ash emission occurred at the 1971 pit crater that will be named SEC.
|
27.5
|
1.8
|
|
Romano, 1981
Forgione et al., 1989
McClelland et al., 1975-1985
|
|
1978
|
24-30 August
(6)
|
E flank: 2725, 2700-2520; 2300
|
Central and Flank
Effusive
|
Intense Strombolian activity at SEC with overflow eastward. Lava flows produced by the several vents directed in VdB reaching 1625 m of elevation and a maximum length of about 3.5 km.
|
4
|
0.75
|
|
Romano, 1981
Forgione et al., 1989
McClelland et al., 1975-1985
|
|
1978
|
18-30 November
(12)
|
SEC
E flank: 2600-1675
|
Central and Flank
Effusive and minor explosive
|
Intense Strombolian activity at SEC with a lava fountain episode followed by a lava overflow eastward. Several vents opened along the NNW-SSE fissure system on western wall of VdB. Lava flows traveled more than 4 km eastward reaching an elevation of 1100 m in VC. During this period a strong ash emission occurred at SEC causing ash fallout in western Calabria.
|
11
|
2.75
|
|
Romano, 1981
Forgione et al., 1989
McClelland et al., 1975-1985
|
|
1979
|
3 August
|
SEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Subplinian episode produced ash fall in Catania and Siracusa causing the closure of the Catania airport.
|
|
|
|
Romano and Sturiale, 1981
|
|
1979
|
3-9 August
(6)
|
E flank: 2950-2875, 2850-2700, 1800-1700;
NE flank: 2500, 2150
|
Flank
Effusive and minor explosive
|
Intense explosive activity at VOR and SEC from 16 July preceded the eruption. Lava flows formed from four eruptive fissures in VdB and along the northern slope of VdB. The lava flow reached a maximum length of 6 km in VdB and cut the Mareneve road and stopped close to Fornazzo.
Intense ash emission from SEC on 5 August and ash fall in Catania and Siracusa.
|
7.5
|
2.5
|
|
Romano and Sturiale, 1981
Guest and Murray, 1980
McClelland et al., 1975-1985
|
|
1979
|
12 September
|
BN
|
Central
Explosive
|
Very strong phreatic explosion at BN ejected lithic blocks that killed nine people and injured twentythree.
|
|
|
|
Romano and Sturiale, 1981
Guest et al., 1980
McClelland et al., 1975-1985
|
|
1980
|
March-August
|
BN and SEC
|
|
Strombolian activity and lava fountain episodes
|
|
|
|
McClelland et al., 1975-1985
|
|
1980
|
1-26 September
(25)
|
NEC
|
Central
Explosive with lava overflows
|
Lava fountain activity with ash fall in the eastern flank with three phenomena of lava overflow toward NW.
In this period Strombolian activity at BN.
|
|
|
|
Romano and Sturiale, 1982
McClelland et al., 1975-1985
|
|
1981
|
5-7 February
(2)
|
NEC
|
Central
Explosive with minor effusive
|
After a period of ash emission since the end of January a violent Strombolian activity and three lava flows north, northwest and westward from the NW base of the NEC. The main lava flow traveled 2 km.
|
|
|
|
Romano and Sturiale, 1983
McClelland et al., 1975-1985
|
|
1981
|
17-23 March
(6)
|
N flank: 2550, 2460, 2160, 1800-1300, 1235-1140
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Vents aligned along a NW-SE fissure. Lava flow field 7.5 km long northward from 1800-1300 vent reached an elevation of 600 m and threatened Randazzo. Minor lava flow 1.7 km long northward from 1235-1140 vent. Lava flow cut the S.P. 120, the Circumetnea and Taormina-Randazzo railway lines, reaching the Alcantara River.
|
22.75
|
6
|
|
Romano and Vaccaro, 1986 Romano and Sturiale, 1983
McClelland et al., 1975-1985
|
|
1982
|
August-December
|
BN
|
Central
Explosive
|
Weak Strombolian activity with intense episodes that produced occasional ash columns.
|
|
|
|
McClelland et al., 1975-1985
|
|
1983
|
28 Mar.-6 August
(131)
|
S flank: 2450-2250
|
Flank
Effusive
|
NNE-SSW eruptive fissure produced a lava flow field 7.5 km long southward That reached an elevation of 1080 m. Damage to the S.P. 92 road (Nicolosi-Sapienza) and destruction of the ski-lift. Intense ash emission from BN between 2-5 May with fallout to Calabria coast. During the eruption the Italian Civil Defense tried to divert the lava flow obtaining only a modest diversion of the flow.
|
80
|
6
|
|
Romano and Vaccaro, 1986
Frazzetta and Romano, 1984
McClelland et al., 1975-1985
Guest et al., 1987
|
|
1984
|
28 Apr-17 Oct.
(172)
|
SEC
|
Central
Effusive
|
Lava flow field 3 km long eastward in VdB reached an elevation of 1900 m. A moderate Strombolian activity occurred at SEC.
Weak Strombolian activity occurred at BN on September and at VOR and NEC on October
|
10
|
1.5
|
|
Romano, 1986
Romano and Vaccaro, 1986
McClelland et al., 1975-1985
|
|
1985
|
8-10 March
|
SEC
|
Central
Explosive
and effusive
|
Intense Strombolian activity with a 3.8 km long overflow in VdB.
|
|
|
|
Romano, 1986
McClelland et al., 1975-1985
|
|
1985
|
12 March-13 July
(125)
|
S flank: 2620-2480
|
Flank
Effusive
|
NNE-SSW eruptive fissure formed a lava flow field south-southward 3 km long that reached an elevation of 1830 m. Damage to the ski-lift and “Funivia dell’Etna” (cable car). Strombolian activity resumed at BN at the end of the eruption.
|
30
|
2.2
|
|
Romano, 1986
Romano and Vaccaro, 1986
McClelland et al., 1975-1985
|
|
1985
|
25 Dec.
(1)
28-31 Dec
(3)
|
E flank: 2750-2420, 2610-2500
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Strong ash emission from VOR, SEC and NEC at the beginning of the eruption. Lava flow field 3.5 km long eastward in VdB reached an elevation of 1675 m. Strombolian activity resumed at SEC on 19th December.
|
0.7
|
0.7
|
|
Romano, 1986
Romano and Vaccaro, 1986
McClelland et al., 1975-1985
|
|
1986
|
January-September
|
NEC, BN and SEC
|
Central
Explosive and lava overflows
|
Discontinuous weak Strombolian activity. Intense Strombolian activity and lava overflow northward 1.3 km long at NEC between 13th and 23th September.
|
|
|
|
Caltabiano et al., 1987
|
|
1986
|
24 September
|
NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Subplinian eruption produced an eruption column 10-13 km high and ash fallout on the SE flank as far as 80 km away reaching Siracusa and causing the closure of the Catania airport. At the climax lava jets reached 1000-1500 m above the vent, and the summit area was showered with large bombs up to 2 m. 750 g/m2 of lapilli and ash deposited in Nicolosi and 8-10 g/m2 deposited in Siracusa.
|
|
|
7
|
Caltabiano et al., 1987
Amore et al., 1987
|
|
1986
|
30 October-1 March 1987
(122)
|
NE flank: 2900-2800, 2550, 2350
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Lava flow field from 2550 vent eastward 5 km long in VdB.
2350 vent formed Mt Rittmann scoria cone in VdB and a lava flow field eastward 5 km long reached 1320 m of elevation.
On 31 October a lava fountain episode at SEC occurred with an overflow 2 km long southeastward.
|
57
|
5.7
|
|
Armienti et al., 1987
Caltabiano et al., 1987
|
|
1987
|
17 April
|
SEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Violent phreatic explosion ejecting lithic blocks that killed two people and injured seven.
|
|
|
|
Romano et al., 1987
|
|
1988
|
April-Dec.
|
VOR, BN and SEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity at BN. Since July Strombolian activity at VOR and two lava fountain episodes occurred on 23th August and 26th October producing lapilli and ash fall in the proximal area. In October Strombolian activity resumed at SEC.
|
|
|
|
Calvari et al., 1989
|
|
1989
|
May- 23 September
|
VOR and SEC
|
Central
Explosive and lava overflows
|
Four lava fountain episodes occurred at VOR on 4th May, 29th August, 4th and 10th Sept. Strombolian activity increased at SEC and nine lava fountain episodes occurred between 11-23 Sept. producing overflows southward and lapilli and ash fallout eastward.
|
8.8
|
1.3
|
|
Calvari et al., 1989
Barberi et al., 1990
|
|
1989
|
24-27 September
|
SEC
SE base of SEC 3000-2950,
NE base of SEC 3000-2850.
|
Central and Flank
Explosive and effusive
|
Five lava fountain episodes producing lapilli and ash fallout.
Lava flow from 3000-2950 vent 2.7 km long eastward in VdB.
Lava flow from 3000-2850 vent 3.3 km long eastward in VdL and VdB.
|
3.4
|
2.4
|
|
Barberi et al., 1990
|
|
1989
|
27 Sept-9 Oct
(10)
|
NE flank: 2670-2550
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Lava flow field eastward 8 km long in VdL and VdB reached an elevation of 1920 m. During this eruptive phase a dry fracture system NW-SE oriented developed from the base of the SEC to 1500 m a.s.l. cutting the S.P. 92 road.
|
26.2
|
3.3
|
|
Barberi et al., 1990
|
|
1990
|
4 Jan-2 Feb.
|
SEC
|
Central
Explosive and lava overflow
|
Four lava fountain episodes producing overflows eastward and southward.
The 4/5 January episode produced a subplinian eruption with lapilli and ash fallout on the NW flank reaching the Tyrrhenian coast from S. Stefano di Camastra to Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto. The deposit was 1.5 m thick in the proximal area and at 4.5 km of distance about 15 cm.
|
|
|
|
Calvari et al., 1991
Carveni et al., 1994
|
|
1990
|
27 June-July
|
BN
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity.
|
|
|
|
Calvari et al. 1991
|
|
1990
|
7-8 August
|
BN
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strong lava fountain episode produced ash fallout on the NE flank (Vena and Presa area).
|
|
|
|
Calvari et al. 1991
|
|
1990
|
October-December
|
BN
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity with intracrater lava effusion.
|
|
|
|
Calvari et al. 1991
|
|
1991
|
14 December-31 March 1993
(473)
|
3100 NE slope of SEC
SE flank: 3000-2900; 2870-2800; 2400.
|
Flank
Effusive,
|
Lava flow 0.18 km long from 3100 vent northeastward. NW fissure 3.4 km long from the SEC base with three vents. Lava flow 0.63 km long eastward from the 3000-2900 vent. Lava flow 0.88 km long eastward from 2870-2800 vent. Lava flow field 8.75 km long in VdB and VC reached an elevation of 745 m and threatened Zafferana. On 27-29 May 1992 the Italian Civil Protection achieved the total diversion of the lava flow in VdB, a first time achievement anywhere in history.
|
231
|
7.6
|
|
Barberi et al., 1992 and 1993
Calvari et al., 1994
Stevens et al., 1997
|
|
1995
|
30 July-Dec.
|
BN and NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity with occasionally ash emission
|
|
|
|
Coltelli et al., 1998
|
|
1995
|
9 Nov-23 Dec.
|
NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Six strong lava fountain episodes, four of which produced a sustained column 2-6.2 km high. Lapilli and ash fallout occurred on the north, east and south flanks. Tephra fell in Siracusa 80 km south of the vent during the 9 November episode. The most intense episode of subplinian magnitude occurred on 23 December causing abundant lapilli and ash fall on the east flank to the coast (Giarre). The deposit was 7 cm thick at 6 km of distance with bombs up to 30 cm in size and 1-2 cm thick at 20 km along the coast. Many civil defense problems i.e. the halting of air and street traffic and damage to vegetation.
|
|
|
|
Bonaccorso et al., 1997
Coltelli et al., 1998
|
|
1996
|
21 Jan-19 August
|
NEC
|
Central
Explosive and minor effusive
|
Four strong lava fountain episodes, one of which (25 June) produced a sustained column 2-3 km high. Ash fell on the northeast and southeast flanks to Catania.
From 21 July several eruptive fissures opened on the NEC slopes produced lava flows mainly directed toward VdB and into the VOR.
|
|
|
|
Coltelli et al., 2000
|
|
1996
|
6 November - 26 July 1998
|
SEC
|
Central
Explosive and effusive
|
Moderate Strombolian activity accompanied by slow lava effusion from an intracrater scoria cone, forming a lava apron on the flanks of the SEC cone.
|
1.2
|
0.25
|
|
Allard et al., 2005
|
|
1997
|
|
BN, SEC and VOR
|
Central
Explosive
|
Discontinuous Strombolian activity characterized by a variable intensity. This activity resumed in the second half of July at VOR.
|
|
|
|
IIV Trimester reports, 1997
|
|
1997
|
19 July-29 Dec. 1998
|
SEC
|
Central
Explosive and lava overflows
|
Small lava overflows along the slope produced by the intense Strombolian activity at the intracrater cone and by some fissures along it. Thirteen lava fountain episodes occurred between 15 September and 29 December 1998.
|
|
|
|
IIV Trimester reports, 1997
|
|
1997
|
25 November
|
BN
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strong lava fountain episode. Ash fell in the upper part of the volcano.
|
|
|
|
IIV Trimester reports, 1997
|
|
1998
|
|
SEC, BN and VOR
|
Central
Explosive
|
Discontinuous Strombolian activity characterized by a variable intensity. This activity ended in November at VOR and BN.
|
|
|
|
IIV Trimester reports, 1998
|
|
1998
|
27 March
|
NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strong lava fountain episode with lapilli and ash fallout in the upper part of the volcano.
|
|
|
|
IIV Trimester reports, 1998
|
|
1998
|
22 July
|
VOR
|
Central
Explosive
|
Subplinian eruption formed a 10 km high eruptive column. Lapilli and ash fell south-southeast to Catania and Siracusa. The deposit was 4 cm thick at 4 km of distance. 1.5 kg/m2 of lapilli and ash deposited in Zafferana and 120 g/m2 deposited in Catania. Two rheomorphic lava flows formed flowing inside BN and the other one 1 km westward.
|
|
|
|
IIV Trimester report (July-Sept. 1998)
Andronico et al., 1999
|
|
1998
|
6 August
|
VOR
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strong lava fountain episode formed 2 km high column with lapilli and ash fall on the northwest flank
|
|
|
|
IIV Trimester report (July-Sept. 1998)
|
|
1998
|
15 September - 4 February 1999
|
SEC
|
Central explosive and effusive
|
Twenty-two paroxysmal eruptive episodes with lava fountains and short lava flows as well as eruption columns up to 5-6 km tall, leading to rapid growth (by 46 m) of the SEC cone.
|
4.41
|
0.39
|
|
Behncke et al., 2006
|
|
1999
|
4 Feb-10 Nov
(279)
|
SEC
|
Central
Effusive
|
Three lava flows partially superimposed produced by three eruptive fissures opened respectively at the SE and E base of the SEC. Lava flow fields directed southeastward in VdB reaching a maximum length of 3.7 km.
|
24.37
|
1.45
|
|
IIV Annual report, 1999
Calvari and Pinkerton, 2002
|
|
1999
|
August
|
VOR
|
Central
Explosive
|
Strombolian activity resumed.
|
|
|
|
IIV Annual report, 1999
|
|
1999
|
4 September
|
VOR, BN, SEC
|
Central
Explosive
Vt=1-5 x 106 m3
|
Subplinian episode at VOR formed a several km high eruptive column with lapilli and ash fall on the east flank to the coast (Giarre). The paroxysmal episode formed two short rheomorphic lava flows respectively 0.6 km long eastward and 0.4 km long westward. A 0.5 km long debris flow directed southward formed from the upper slope of the summit cone. The late explosive activity involved the BN too, and then an intense Strombolian activity at SEC occurred producing a short lava overflow southeastward.
|
|
|
|
IIV Annual report, 1999
|
|
1999
|
17 Oct-5 Nov
(19)
|
BN
|
Central
Effusive and minor explosive
|
Lava flow field produced by a series of overflows from the western rim of the BN directed westward reaching a maximum length of 7.5 km. During this period BN was characterized by an intense Strombolian activity.
|
16
|
3
|
|
IIV Annual report, 1999
Calvari and Pinkerton, 2002
Behncke et al., 2003
|
|
2000
|
26 Jan-29 August
|
SEC
|
Central
Explosive, lava flows and overflows
|
Sixty-six lava fountain episodes. Paroxysmal eruptive episodes were generally preceded by lava flow emission. During the climax the eruptive columns reached a maximum height of 6 km producing lapilli and ash fall on the northeast, east and southeast flanks between Giarre and Catania, causing also some problems to road and air traffic. Lava overflows and flows generated along fractures on the cone slopes were emplaced northeast and eastward in VdB, and southward. The maximum length is about 3 km reaching Mt Centenari in VdB. From 23 February to March lava flow emission was continuous from a fracture in the south slope. Lava flows of this period reached and partially covered TdF shelter.
|
47
|
2.89
|
|
INGV Annual report, 2000
Alparone et al., 2003
Behncke et al., 2006
|
|
2000
|
October-November
|
BN
|
Central
Explosive
|
Weak Strombolian activity.
|
|
|
|
INGV Annual report, 2000
|
|
2001
|
February -May
|
BN
|
Central
Explosive
|
Weak Strombolian activity with occasional ash emission.
|
|
|
|
INGV Annual report, 2001
|
|
2001
|
21 Jan-7 May
(106)
|
SEC
|
Central
Effusive
|
Lava flow field produced by a fissure in the NE slope reaching a maximum length of 1.5 km in VdB. Strombolian activity at SEC preceded the eruption.
|
0.5
|
0.3
|
|
INGV Annual report, 2001
|
|
2001
|
9 May-16 July
|
SEC
|
Central
Explosive and effusive
|
Fifteen lava fountain episodes. During the climax the eruptive columns reached a maximum height of 3 km producing lapilli and ash fall on the east and southeast flanks to Catania. Lava overflows southward and flows generated from the fracture in the NE slope emplaced in VdL and in VdB with a maximum length of about 2 km.
|
12
|
1.15
|
|
INGV Annual report, 2001
|
|
2001
|
17 July-9 August
(23)
|
SE flank: 3020-2980 south base of SEC; 3100 SE slope of SEC and 3110 NE slope of SEC; 2850-2650; 2550; 2190-2060.
NE flank: 2650 (VdL)
|
Flank
Effusive and explosive from 2550 vent
|
NS 3020-2980 eruptive fissure formed a lava flow field, 2.8 km long in VdB reaching 1960 m of elevation. Lava flow 1.1 km long eastward from 3100 vent. Lava flow 0.7 km long eastward from 3110 vent. NNE 2850-2650 eruptive fissure formed a lava flow field divided in two branches directed southwest (3.8 km long) and southward (3 km long). From 2550 vent a main lava flow southward (3.3 km long) destroyed the cable car and the ski-lift and two minor lava flows (1.9 and 0.7 km long) eastward in VdB. NS 2190-2060 eruptive fissure formed a lava flow field southward (6.2 km long) reaching 1035 m of elevation. Lava flow cut the S.P. 92 road. Lava flow field from 2650 vent (1.9 km long) reaching 2080 m of elevation in VdB.
Continuous ash emission between 20 July and 5 Aug from the 2550 vent formed a 2 km high eruptive column. Eastward lapilli and ash fallout deposit from Taormina to Catania. A large scoria cone formed at the 2550 vent (Piano del Lago). Closure of Catania airport for several days. One person was injured by blocks emitted from the 2100 vent.
|
48
|
4.7
|
|
INGV Annual report, 2001
The Research staff of the INGV-Catania, 2001
Behncke & Neri, 2003
|
|
2002
|
April-October
|
BN and NEC
|
Central
Explosive
|
Weak and discontinuous Strombolian activity with occasionally ash emission
|
|
|
|
INGV Annual report, 2002
|
|
2002
|
27 October-4 November
(8)
|
NE flank: 3100-2920; 2500-1900
|
Flank
Effusive
|
Intense Strombolian activity formed a series of coalescent scoria cones along the 2300-1900 NE oriented segment of the eruptive fissure. Two lava flow fields were formed: 6.2 km long eastward and 2.9 km long northeastward that reached 1125 m and 1440 m of elevation respectively. Lava flows destroyed the tourist facilities of Piano Provenzana, part of the Linguaglossa pine forest and cut the Mareneve road.
|
10
|
1,9
|
|
Andronico et al., 2005
|
|
2002
|
27 October- 28 January 2003
(93)
|
S flank: 2850-2600
|
Flank
Explosive and effusive
|
Intense and continuous lava fountain activity between 27 October and 10 December formed eruptive columns 1-4 km high. During this period, ash fall occurred in all directions and mainly on the eastern flank of Etna. 2.5 kg/m2 of ash fell in Catania in two days (28-29 October). Ash fell over eastern Sicily and reached Calabria and Campania regions, the western coast of Greece and the coast of Libya. A decrease in the intensity of ash emission occurred from the second half of December onwards. In this period, an alternation of lava fountains and strombolian activity took place. Proximal deposits formed two coalescent scoria cones along the NS eruptive fissure at 2750 and 2800 m of elevation that covered Torre del Filosofo shelter. The persistent ash fall caused extensive loss to the economy of eastern Sicily because of the prolonged closure of Catania and Reggio Calabria airports, and damage to the cultivated areas. Discontinuous effusive activity formed a 4.2-km-long lava flow field south and southwestward. Lava flow cut the S.P. 92 road and destroyed a facility and a restaurant in the Rifugio Sapienza area where a phreatic burst injured fifty-nine people on 16 December.
|
28
|
2.64
|
|
Andronico et al., 2005
Andronico et al., 2008
|
|
2004
|
7 September 8 March 2005
(182)
|
E flank: 2920; 2620; 2320 (VdB)
|
Flank
effusive
|
From 2920 m vent 200 m-long lava flow eastward. Effusive activity at the 2620 and 2320 m vents produced a wide and 6 km-long lava flow field in VdB.
|
60
|
2.3
|
|
Burton et al., 2005
Neri & Acocella, 2006
|
|
2006
|
14-24 July
(10)
|
SEC
|
Central
effusive
and explosive
|
Two effusive vents opened on the eastern slope of the SEC producing a lava flow 3.1 km-long eastward in VdB. Strombolian activity formed a small scoria cone on the eastern slope of the SEC.
|
|
|
|
Neri et al., 2006
|
|
2006
|
31 August-15 December
(106)
|
SEC
|
Central
explosive and effusive
|
About 20 eruptive episodes at SEC summit and several vents at 3050 m to the SW, at 3180 m to the W, and 2800 m to the SE as well as on the SE flank of the SEC. Lavas are emitted mainly from the 2800 m vent reaching up to 4.5 km length. Some episodes are relatively explosive and produce significant tephra plumes (e.g., 16 and 24 November)
|
20
|
|
|
Behncke et al., 2008
Behncke, 2009 Andronico et al. 2009a,
Andronico et al., 2009b
|
|
2007
|
29 March - 7 May
|
SEC
|
Central explosive and effusive
|
4 paroxysmal eruptive episodes (29 March, 11 and 19 April, 7 May). Lava flows expanded mainly to the SE, up to 3.6 km long.
|
5
|
|
|
Falsaperla et al., 2014
Acocella et al., 2016
|
|
2007
|
15 August - 10 May 2008
|
SEC
|
Central explosive and effusive
|
Ash emissions started 15 August and passed into Strombolian activity around 20 August and eventually into the first of three paroxysmal eruptive episodes, on 4-5 September. Two further paroxysms occurred on 23-24 November and on 10 May 2008. The latest of these produced an unusually long (6.2 km) lava flow.
|
8.4
|
2
|
|
Andronico et al., 2008
Acocella et al., 2016
Behncke et al., 2016
|
|
2008
|
13 May - 6 July 2009 (419)
|
E flank (VdB): 2650-3050
|
Flank effusive (with minor Strombolian activity)
|
The first phase of eruption occurred from a fissure below the E flank of the NEC with fire-fountaining and rheomorphic lava flows, followed by opening of a new fissure between 2900 and 2650 m, where Strombolian and effusive activity take place. Lava advances up to 6.5 km into Valle del Bove. Explosive activity diminished after mid-July but resumed briefly in early March 2009. Lava effusion continues at diminishing rates until the night of 5-6 July 2009.
|
75
|
5.23
|
|
Sciotto et al., 2013
Behncke et al, 2016
|
|
2011
|
2 January - 16 May 2015
|
SEC, BN, VOR
|
Summit explosive and effusive
|
Series of about 50 episodes of lava fountaining or intense Strombolian activity at the SEC, with lava flows mainly to the S, SE and E, which built a new cone ("New Southeast Crater") on the SE flank of the SEC, mainly between 11 January 2011 and 24 April 2012, 19 February and 27 April 2013, 26 October and 29 December 2013). Heavy tephra falls caused problems to ground and air traffic in areas lying downwind, and several times car windshields, rooftiles and skylights were broken. In one case, on 23 November 2013, several persons were injured by unusually large scoria clasts in areas 5-6 km from the SEC. Various episodes of Strombolian-effusive activity from the SEC in 2014 and 2015, and one paroxysm on 28 December 2014. Strombolian activity occurred periodically at the BN and VOR, and ash emissions from NEC in this period.
|
>100
|
6
|
|
Behncke et al. 2014
Behncke et al., 2016
De Beni et al., 2015
Acocella et al., 2016
Corsaro et al., 2017
|
| 2014 | 5 July - 10 August | E flank of NEC | Subterminal explosive and effusive | Very mild activity starts from a small vent on 5 July, at 3000 m, on the E slope of the NEC, and gradually increases in intensity over the following three weeks. A second vent opens on 25 m at 3090 m, a few tens of m to the W of the former, producing powerful Strombolian explosions and lava flows, which advance about 3 km toward the N part of the Valle del Bove. This activity is likely linked to the nearby SEC, which starts erupting again on 10 August | 6 | 0.8 | Corsaro et al., 2017 | |
|
2015
|
19 October - 8 December
|
VOR, SEC
|
Summit explosive and effusive
|
Following sporadic ash emissions since August, Strombolian activity started at the VOR on 19 October, and then gradually increased. 4 paroxysmal eruptive episodes on 2-3 December, 4 December (twice), and 5 December at the Voragine, followed by Strombolian-effusive activity at the SEC (6-8 December).
|
2.5
|
0.7
|
|
Bonaccorso & Calvari, 2017
Corsaro et al., 2017
|
|
2016
|
17-25 May
(8)
|
VOR, NEC
|
Summit explosive and effusive
|
Strombolian activity at the NEC on 17 May was followed the next day by a paroxysmal eruptive episode at the VOR, lava overflows to the W, and opening of new vents on the N flank of the NEC and to the E of the VOR. Further paroxysms with overflows to W occur on 19 and 21 May, interspersed with intense Strombolian activity at the NEC. The last episode of strong Strombolian activity occurred at the VOR on 24-25 May.
|
4.7
|
1.38
|
|
Edwards et al., 2018
Ganci et al., 2019
|
|
2017
|
20 January - 27 April
|
SEC
|
Summit explosive and effusive
|
6 episodes of effusive activity from the SEC and fissures on its S flank (and during the last episode, on its N flank), with intense Strombolian activity except for the 3rd and 4th episodes. An explosion caused by lava-snow interaction at about 2 km SE of the SEC caused mostly light injuries and burns to 10 persons, and a skull fracture in one person.
|
11.3
|
|
|
Cappello et al., 2019
De Beni et al., 2019
Viccaro et al., 2019
|
|
2018
|
mid-June - 24 December
|
SEC, BN, NEC
|
Summit explosive and effusive
|
Intermittent intra-crater Strombolian activity at the BNa was followed by sporadic explosive activity from the NEC in the summer; on 23 August Strombolian and effusive activity started at the SEC, and continued from two alternating vents until late on the 28th. While activity continued at the Bocca Nuova and at the NEC, Strombolian activity resumed at the SEC in November, and intensified at the end of the month with slow lava effusion from its eastern vent. This activity generated a fan-shaped lava field on the E flank of the SEC, and a small cone at the eastern vent. Activity abruptly stopped at the onset of the 24 December 2018 flank eruption.
|
2
|
|
|
Cappello et al., 2019
Gambino et al., 2019
|
|
2018
|
24-27 December
(3)
|
SE flank 2400-3000
|
Flank explosive and effusive
|
Opening of new vents at the SE base of the SEC with lava fountaining, followed by propagation of eruptive fissures across the W rim of VdB down to 2400 m, and brief, minor activity from vents on the NE flank of the SEC. Lava flows extended to the bottom of VdB to about 4.5 km distance.
|
3
|
0.88
|
|
Bonaccorso & Giampiccolo, 2020
Calvari et al., 2020
|
|
2019
|
May 2019 - 16 February 2021
|
SEC, VOR, BN, NEC
|
Summit explosive and effusive
|
Three eruptive episodes from the SEC (29 May - 4 June, 18-20 July, and 27-28 July 2019), intermittent activity at the BN; increased Strombolian activity at the NEC in early September 2019 is followed by the reactivation of the VOR (12 September), where Strombolian and effusive activity built a new intracrater cone, and lava flows into the BC. This activity continued through May 2020; since April 2020 the SEC was again intermittently active, and the NEC reactivated in late summer. Three modest paroxysmal episodes at the SEC (13-14, 21 and 22 December 2020) were followed by the resumption of Strombolian-effusive activity at the VOR, and in early 2021 all four summit craters were active, with Strombolian activity from multiple vents and sporadic intracrater and external lava emission.
|
5
|
|
|
De Beni et al., 2020
D'Oriano et al., 2022
Pioli et al., 2022
|
|
2021
|
16 February - 21 February 2022
|
SEC
|
Summit explosive and effusive
|
54 major and several minor paroxysmal eruptive episodes from multiple vents at the SEC, with lava emission from two main areas toward SW and SE, and minor to E and NE. Heavy tephra falls often led to disruptions of ground and air traffic, and distress in populated areas lying downwind, mostly in the eastern and southeastern sectors of Etna. In one case, on 28 February 2021, a wildfire was started on the northern rim of the Valle del Bove by the fall of incandescent tephra. The SEC cone was built up significantly, reaching more than 3350 m elevation in June 2021, and becoming the highest point on Etna.
|
75
|
5.8
|
30
|
Calvari & Nunnari, 2022
Calvari et al., 2022
Ganci et al., 2023
Proietti et al., 2023
|
|
2022
|
12 May - 15 June
(34)
|
SEC, VdB 1900-1980
|
Summit and flank explosive and effusive
|
Strombolian activity and lava emission from vents and fissures on the NE flank of the SEC followed by lava emission from vents at the NE base of the SEC, at 2850 and 2730 m. On 7-8 June and 10-12 June, very small volumes of lava were extruded from fissures on the Valle del Bove floor, at the base of the northern wall of the Valle del Bove.
|
5
|
|
|
INGV-OE weekly bulletins
|
|
2022
|
27 November - 5 February 2023
(70)
|
SEC
|
Subterminal effusive
|
Slow lava emission from a cluster of closely-spaced effusive vents at about 2800-2900 m at the NE base of the SEC. A compound lava flow-field grows toward the base of the NW slope of the Valle del Bove, reaching 2050 m elevation
|
5
|
0.96
|
|
INGV-OE monthly and weekly bulletins
|
|
2023
|
21 May - 1 December
|
SEC
|
Summit explosive and effusive
|
4 paroxysmal eruptive episodes (21 May, 13-14 August, 12 November, and 1 December 2023), the latter two preceded by several weeks of mild Strombolian activity.
|
7
|
|
|
INGV-OE monthly and weekly bulletins
|
|
2024
|
14 June - 15 August (32)
|
VOR, NEC, SEC
|
Summit explosive and effusive
|
6 paroxysmal eruptive episodes (4, 7, 15 and 22-23 July, and 4 and 14-15 August) from the VOR, accompanied by sporadic minor explosive activity at the NEC and SEC
|
6.5
|
1.7
|
10
|
INGV-OE monthly and weekly bulletins
|
References
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Alessi G (1829-1835) Storia delle eruzioni dell’Etna. Atti Acc Gioenia Sci Nat, Catania, ser 1, vol 3 (17-75), 4 (23-74), 5 (43-72), 6 (85-116), 7 (21-65), 8 (99-148), 9 (127-206)
Alparone S, Andronico D, Lodato S, Sgroi T (2003) Relationship between tremor and volcanic activity during the Southeast Crater eruption on Mount Etna in early 2000. J Geophys Res 108, 2241, doi:10.1029/2002JB001866, 2003
Amico VM (1733) Siciliae sacrae, libri quarti, Catania
Amore C, Giuffrida E, Scibano V, Lowenstern JB, Muller W (1987) Emplacement and textural analysis of some present-day pyroclastic deposits of Mt Etna (Sicily). Boll Soc Geol It 106:785-791
Andronico D, Del Carlo P, Coltelli M (1999) The 22 July 1998 fire fountain episode at Voragine Crater (Mt Etna, Italy). Volcanic and Magmatic Studies Group - Annual Meeting, 5-6 January 1999, Birmingham
Andronico D, Branca S, Calvari S, Burton MR, Caltabiano T, Corsaro RA, Del Carlo P, Garfì G, Lodato L, Miraglia L, Muré F, Neri M, Pecora E, Pompilio M, Salerno G, Spampinato L (2005) A multi-disciplinary study of the 2002-03 Etna eruption: insights for a complex plumbing system. Bull Volcanol 67: 314–330, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-004-0372-8
Andronico D, Cristaldi A, Scollo S (2008) The 4–5 September 2007 lava fountain at South-East Crater of Mt Etna, Italy. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 173: 325-328 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.02.004
Andronico D, Scollo S, Caruso S, Cristaldi A (2008) The 2002–03 Etna explosive activity: Tephra dispersal and features of the deposits. J Geophys Res 113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005126
Arcidiacono S (1900) Sul periodo eruttivo dell’Etna dal 19 Luglio al 5 Agosto 1899. Att Acc Gioenia Sci Nat, Catania ser 4, 13, 17, pp 42
Arcidiacono S (1902) Eruzione dell’Etna del 1892. Parte prima: L’Etna dal 1883 al 1892. Boll Acc Gioenia Sci Nat, Catania 72:6-7
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Database of Etna’s historical eruptions
Branca S.1, Del Carlo P.2, Behncke B.1, Bonfanti P.1
1 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo INGV-OE
2 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa INGV-PI
Citation: Branca S., Del Carlo P., Behncke B., Bonfanti P. (2024) Database of Etna’s historical eruptions. INGV Ufficio Dati, https://doi.org/COMPLETARE
On the left: Watercolor drawing of Natale di Pace Compendium of 1621 which illustrates the different types of eruptive phenomena of Etna: flank and summit eruptions. Scalisi L., Branca S., Ingaliso L. (2019) Un Secolo di Fuoco. Il seicento e l’Etna nel compendio di Natale di Pace. Domenico Sanfilippo Editore, Catania.
We present the database (DB) of the eruptive activity of Etna from the 6th century BC to present as reconstructed through a detailed review of previous catalogs of Branca and Del Carlo (2005), Guidoboni et al. (2014) and Branca and Abate (2019). Concerning the eruptive activity from 1970 onward, we used different datasets from monitoring reports in addition to the scientific literature.
Eruptive activity of Etna is distinguished in two broad categories - summit eruptions, which take place at the summit craters (also called terminal eruptions) and in their vicinity (subterminal eruptions), and flank eruptions, which occur at altitudes from approximately 2800 m to a few hundred metres above sea level. Summit activity is more or less continuous over periods of years or even decades, and occasionally punctuated by powerful explosive episodes (lava fountains and subplinian events). By contrast, flank eruptions take place at irregular intervals, producing lava effusion commonly associated with weak explosive activity.
The DB is divided in two parts: (i) from the 6th century BC to the XVI century AD and (ii) from the XVII century to the present since the types and the quality of information available for the compilation of the datasets in these periods are different.
In particular, the DB of the eruptions in the period 6th century BC to XVI century AD is mainly based on the stratigraphic, tephrostratigraphic and geochronological datasets of the geological map of the volcano (Branca et al., 2011) and following updates (Tanguy et al., 2012; Branca et al., 2015). In addition, we have integrated the geological data with the original sources extracted from the Guidoboni et al. (2014) catalog for the eruptions of the Lower Middle Age and Modern Age.
The DB of the eruptions from the XVII century to the present is based on direct observations and documentation by scientists and volcanologists integrated with volcanological parameters as reported in the literature. The record of flank eruptions for this period is to be considered complete, whereas we cannot exclude some gaps in the information of summit activity up to the first half of the 20th century except for major explosive events.
The DB unites in a single source the information thus far distributed in different scientific publications, not all of which are readily accessible to a broad public. Finally, this DB will be open to contributions from other sources and information on the past and ongoing eruptive activity of Etna, and thus continuously updated.
Map of the historical eruptions of Etna from the 6th century BC to the present (modified from Branca and Abate, 2019). The acronym of the lava flows are those of the geological map of Branca et al., 2011.
Click on the image to enlarge and download
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